Abstract
This paper details the psychological theory of Abraham Maslow. The paper discusses his hierarchy of needs, listing each need and providing examples, as well as showing how the hierarchy is built. There is an expanded section detailing what is meant by self-actualization as well as what Maslow called "peak experiences." A full listing of the B-values are given, as well as numerous other traits and characteristics of self-actualized people. Also explained are Maslow's other hypothesized needs, such as the cognitive, aesthetic, and neurotic needs, and how these all interact with his hierarchy of needs. The paper introduces Maslow as a visionary and pioneer of humanistic psychology who came from a world dominated by psychoanalysis and behaviorism and emerged to provide the world with a more positive, instructional, and human view of mankind and his place in nature.

From the Paper
"These theories shared in common an approach to understanding human nature and behavior that were based directly outside the subjective needs, beliefs, and values of the individual. In grossly simplified terms, the individual was viewed either as a locus in the environment where current stimuli reacted with past reinforced behavior patterns to produce a response or as an almost helpless entity, where deep in the primitive recesses of the human brain a battle was fought for psychological control. Where forces of the good "superego" were beating back the evil armies of the "id" (sex and aggression) and whichever side was winning the battle at any given time would manifest itself in the person's overt behavior. Abraham Maslow was a visionary who pioneered the field of "humanistic" psychology. Aptly named because its primary goal was to center the field of psychology around the individual person to treat them as wanting, feeling, needing, spiritual, and unique beings and to guise psychological theory in terms that took this into account."

Tags:clinical, gestalt, personality, rogers, theorist, therapy, values

Abstract
The paper discusses philosopher David Hume's argument that there cannot be any genuine knowledge of the world other than what we are perceiving at that very moment. Hume argues that ideas are present in the mind and while they are produced by reality, they are copies of reality and not reality itself. The paper analyzes Hume's opinion that knowledge is a product of the mind and non-existent in the outer world.

From the Paper
"Hume begins by noting that "all reasoning concerning matter of fact seem to be founded on the relation of cause and effect" (Hume 458). Hume then rejects cause and effect as an explanation for matters of fact. As Hume says, "Let an object be presented to a man of ever so strong natural reason and abilities; he will not be able, by the most accurate examination of its sensible qualities, to discover any of its causes or effects" (Hume 459). Cause and effect then, has its basis in past experience and cannot be arrived at in any other way. Thus, reason is not enough to determine a cause and effect, experience must also be used. Cause and effect then, is not a theory that offers an explanation of how knowledge can exist outside of the mind. Hume argues instead that repeated experience gives us "habit" so that if we see one thing, we automatically associate it with another, and in this way we come to understand things without experiencing them."

Tags:memory, thoughts, ideas, impressions

Abstract
The paper states that the John Rawls' theory declares that no inborn benefits of political authority, substance riches or natural capability should irreversibly or overpoweringly establish life chances and that these morally subjective issues should not establish the value of political liberties to moral persons. The author points out that Rawls and numerous other moderate philosophers employed this theory as a weapon with which to impose warfare on the English nobility by which a minority was repressing monetarily and socially a majority. The author believes that, in the twentieth century, John Rawls's emphasis on impartiality has lured extra observations and stimulated extended concentration than any other exertion in ethical or opinionated philosophy.

Table of Contents
Introduction
The Origin of the Theory and the State of the Justice System at that Time
Justification
Constructivism
Utilitarianism
Intuitionism
Contrast with Kant's Theory
Impact of the Theory; Now and Then

From the Paper
"Setting the juncture for his conjecture of justice Rawls aims at the departure of utilitarianism and labels it a "distribution problem". As stated by Rawls, utilitarianism grows erroneous if it disappoints to disburse concentration to how that welfare is circulated; there is nothing incorrect, however, with the utilitarian model of publicizing the common interests. The contentment of others cannot make up for the immense anguishes by a few. This is a sharing difficulty as when the pain is circulated in one location and the pleasure is circulated everyplace else, delight disappoints to recompense for the pain i.e. "one man's fortune is another man's gain". Or else if one endures at the present for some afterward reward, then the victim is satisfied later, than likewise the beneficiary of the anguish is afterward the receiver of the pleasure, equalizes it. Equally, it is unjust to compel one to compensate for one's sins but just if one compensates for himself. Utilitarians can't eliminate a definite type of discriminatory agreement for the reason that the reimbursements and afflictions are not disseminated reasonably by being oblivious to how that pleasure is scattered and in its place considering the figure of bliss. It is vital to observe that it is the injustice that plights Rawls not the inequality of the agreement. Such an unjust conclusion cannot survive in any moral organization. Therefore, it is no chance that considering this Rawls opts to name his conjecture "Justice as Fairness"."

Tags:kant, authority, nobility, liberty, majority

Abstract
This paper explains that logotherapy, "therapy through finding meaning" contains three basic beliefs: (1) Life has meaning under all circumstances even the most miserable ones; (2) the main motivation for living is the will to find meaning in life and (3) people have the freedom to find meaning in what they do and experience or at least in the attitude taken when faced with a situation of unchangeable
suffering. The author points out that Viktor Frankl developed the theory of logotherapy through the psychoanalysis of himself and other prisoners of concentration camps during the Holocaust. The paper reveals that Frankl observed that people are willing to endure any suffering, if they are convinced that this suffering has meaning; however, suffering without meaning leads to despair.

From the Paper
"Each person has to decide what attitude to adopt. An example from the book to describe this theory is found during their liberation. Frankl explained that some of the prisoners, now being free, thought they could use their freedom licentiously and ruthlessly. The only thing that had changed for them was that they were now the oppressors instead of the oppressed. They justified their behavior by their own terrible experiences. He describes walking across a field of green crops with his friend who trampled on the young crops and became annoyed because Frankl did not follow. He shouted, "You don't say! And hasn't enough been taken from us? My wife and child have been gassed - not to mention everything else - and you would forbid me to tread on a few stalks of oats!" "

Tags:meaning, search, unemployed, oppression, motivation

From the Paper
"Glenn Tinder, in his work Political Thinking: The Perennial Questions, is as much about the philosophy of life as it is about the philosophy of politics. It is a book concerned not only with the major questions of politics but the major questions of life--the nature of human existence, good and evil, death. Tinder means to help himself and his readers reconsider the very nature of thought itself, to learn or relearn how to think.

What gives Tinder's book its special strength, aside from the fact that he does inspire fresh thoughts about life and politics, is the humility with which he approaches his monumental subjects.

He writes, for example, that "the lack of finality" in his book with respect to the perennial questions "is connected with the primary intent of the book. My purpose is to provide an ... "

From the Paper
"The following research compares and contrasts three essays: "The Crito", by Plato; "Civil Disobedience", by Henry David Thoreau; and "Letter from Birmingham Jail", by Martin Luther King Jr. Socrates, Thoreau and King each addressed issues of freedom, human rights, and individual rights vs. state rights. Each philosopher was accused of having transgressed certain established codes set up by the state.

Socrates was imprisoned "on charges of corrupting youth and believing in gods other than the state's divinities". In his dialogues with Crito, he explores the nature of the ideal state and the individual in opposition to the goals established by the higher authorities. Plato has come to him in prison to urge him to escape, but Socrates' final resolve is not to challenge an authority which he has submitted to by virtue of ... "

Abstract
This paper examines the significance of the body in anthropological thought and further argues that the body is the material locus of subjectivity. In order to build this hypothesis, it critically reviews the work of three key thinkers Merleau-Ponty (1964), Bourdieu (1984, 1990), and Taussig (1980, 1986, 1993). It also argues, together with Csordas (1990), for the possibility of a productive dialogic relationship between the preobjective and a conception of representation that includes a consideration of habitus.

From the Paper
"Bourdieu (1990: 71-72) notes that the body takes metaphor seriously. By this Bourdieu implies that we live our lives through actions structured in time and space. Moreover, the material world that surrounds us is one in which we use our living bodies to give substance to the social distinctions and differences that underpin social relationships and symbolic systems. In the context of anthropological theory, Bourdieu's sentence takes on another meaning. The body has inherited a Cartesian dichotomy between the thinking mind and the mechanic body that means the metaphors ascribed to it did not give any agency to the body. The body takes this very seriously because, as Foucault (1979) shows, the body became a site of bio-political struggle."

Tags:bourdieu, feminism, habitus, materialism, merleau, phenomenology, ponty, subjectivity, textuality

Abstract
This paper explains that Jean Baudrillard's quotation refers to the commitment of contemporary American fiction to the pleasures and anxieties of consumer culture. The author states that this behavior is most fully exemplified in Bret Easton Ellis' "American Psycho" through his protagonist Patrick Bateman. The paper points out that the form of postmodernist texts, such as "American Psycho", opposes meta-narratives, which are the traditional method of writing. The author relates that the book's constant suggestion of boredom is often seen in other post modern art forms, such as the music of Talking Heads. The paper illuminates that Baudrillard's reference to "all life" is an over-generalization just as Patrick Bateman's conduct positions him at an extreme perimeter. The author concludes "American Psycho" contains a pertinent response to Baudrillard's resigned allusion to superficiality and the way in which many of people, not only psychopaths, actually live their lives.

From the Paper
"Baudrillard's statement seems to have an air of ennui, or resignation, suggesting perhaps, that we have become immune to the reality of our emotions, being smothered (or embosomed, perhaps), by globalization. Notwithstanding Baudrillard's eminent status, (his Wikipedia page lists his academic achievements at some length), it would ill behoove us, as critics, to simply accept that this is, quite simply how things are, and that we might as well get used to it. Bateman, for this critic, gives the lie to Baudrillard's quote, which was originally published in his "Selected Writings" in 1988."

Tags:consumer, generalization, determinism, graphic, murder

Abstract
This paper commences by explaining the underlying foundations on which the concept of liberal egalitarianism is based, especially as outlined by John Rawls. Next, the author evaluates various arguments that are tendered in both support and condemnation of this theoretical approach. The paper concludes that the concept of liberal egalitarianism does not account for the various facets contained within multiculturalism; therefore, attempting to theorize multiculturalism by using liberal egalitarian theory has little value.

From the Paper
"As such, Rawls' conception of social and political functions draws a distinct difference between society in the political sense, and wider background culture. Thus, provided that political culture ensures the liberty of all in terms of its institutional structure, then all individuals will enjoy the same level of freedom and equality regardless of their own personal cultural background.. Moreover, Rawls determines that it is simply not possible for individuals to enjoy this level of freedom and equality in the face of different and competing cultural pressures which impact upon the political sphere."

Tags:commentators, dilemma, individualism, tenets, cultures

Abstract
This paper discusses how Freud has been regarded as one of the most influential figures of the twentieth century and how his published works and theories still remain as a major source of inspiration and contention for modern day psychiatrists and psychotherapists and continue to be widely discussed and queried by scholars and practitioners. It looks at how his ideas and theories have filtered into the mainstream and become an accepted part of modern psychology. It also discusses how he reached his beliefs, how his predecessors and contemporaries influenced him and how his theories became so widespread.

From the Paper
"He further proposed that infants enter the world as fully sexualised beings without inhibition (the incarnation of the id) and then, as they go through the growing up process, defined in the psychodynamic stages of development, slowly become educated into repressing these desires and become a civilised member of society. These stages all correspond to an erogenous zone, which the child needs to satisfy and repress before moving to the next phase in order to maintain a functional personality. According to Freud, incomplete repression at any stage of these desires will result in either perversion (a term used by Freud to include homosexuality and masochism), hysteria, or unhappiness. These people become trapped by their infantile appetites, fixated at a particular stage, unable to move forward until they have dealt with these feelings through psychoanalysis by rationally condemning them."

Tags:breuer, catharsis, charcot, ego, hypnosis, psychoanalysis, psychology, repression, resistance