Abstract
This paper examines how colorectal cancer is the third most frequent cause of cancer death behind lung and prostate cancer in men and the third behind lung and breast in women in the U.S and the U.K.. It reviews the current statistics of colorectal cancer and the basics for its development as well as the current status of a very significant factor of carcinogenesis a protein called MBD4. Tables and diagrams aer included.

From the Paper
"Cancer is a malignant growth which results from uncontrolled cell proliferation and loss of cell differentiation and programmed apoptosis. The word "cancer" describes a group of diseases that can affect any part of the human body. Cancer is a problem of great importance, affecting millions of people around the world and owes its success partly to the ability to spread-metastasize to other areas of the body through the lymphatic system and blood stream. According to McDonald (1997), cancer begins when a single cell undergoes mutation. This mutation promotes cell growth and permits this cell to bypass normal controls of proliferation. Additional mutations will occur, producing tumours."

Tags:carcinogenesis, malignant, growth, tumour, protein

Abstract
In this paper, the author considers the role of a nurse from a perspective based on a six week student placement in nursing practice. This involved; two weeks with the primary care and community nurses (otherwise known as District Nurses); a week with a health visitor; two weeks of two units of mental health, one in a mental health rehabilitation unit and another in community mental health and a week in an acute elderly rehabilitation ward in a hospital.

Outline
As an Assessor of Care: Conducting Assessments
As an Advocate: Representing the Interests of the Client
As a Primary Carer: Providing Frontline Care
As a Manager of Care: Coordinating all the Care Required
As a Counsellor: Providing Talking and Listening Therapies
As an Educator: Promoting Health Through Educating Clients
As a Researcher: Providing Evidence Based Practice

From the Paper
"The role of the 21st century nurse in the United Kingdom is a highly varied, dynamic and multidimensional one. This is more important perhaps, due to the changes that have come about in the last two decades of the last century. There are demographic, epidemiological, political, economic and technological changes that have forcibly caused the NHS to undergo great organisational changes in the 1980s and 1990s. And now recently the government continues to outline further changes in the health care system which puts an emphasis on partnership and continuity of care between hospitals and the community. All this has seen nurses continuously readapt themselves in the role they play in the delivery of health care (Melia 2004)."

Tags:district, hospital, nhs

Abstract
The paper discusses how political agenda can affect policy. It discusses a selection of health and welfare policies that appear to have political motivations before trying to establish the extent to which politics influences policy. The paper focuses on examples in British political and health history.

From the Paper
"Britain is considered to be a liberal-democracy, whereby individuals select to vote for a candidate whose beliefs and values reflect their own (or, due to limited choice, are closest). The party who are seen to represent the majority or have the most votes (these are not necessarily the same thing) are then expected to lead the government forward and to develop policy in accordance with the values set out in their manifesto and in the interests of the public."

Tags:influence, motivation, policy, political

Abstract
This paper considers domestic violence as a public health issue by examining public health as a whole and the midwife's role therein. It looks at how research indicates that pregnancy is often an instigating factor for abuse. It contends that although government frameworks containing recommendations for practice in domestic abuse situations do exist, there is much scope for improvement in practice situations. It also discusses how such guidelines will hopefully prepare and support midwives to provide improved service provision leading to early detection of domestic violence, providing sufferers of abuse with the help and support they need and deserve, to enable safety and improved quality of life for themselves and their families.

From the Paper
"The role of the midwife in health promotion is longstanding as midwives have always played a part in promoting the health of the woman to ensure the health of the fetus (Chappie, 2000). The changing role for the midwife is to expand on these practices to further encompass long term health of the woman and her family, within their social context, in order to facilitate the health and wellbeing of future generations (Dunkley-Bent, 2004). Such aims can be achieved through advice on lifestyle choices, provided holistically, with the background of the woman and her family being taken into consideration (DoH, 2004)."

Tags:midwifery, nursing, fetus, abuse

Abstract
This paper examines the controversy surrounding specific organ recipients and the moral arguments about assessment of who should receive new organs. It puts forward the argument that the system lets people down by being too "lenient" and how those of us who are born with properly working bodies should be taught to look after them and not just look to the "safety net" of the National Health Service when we abuse them and they breakdown.

From the Paper
"On the 30th of July 2002 George Best had a liver transplant after finding out the previous December that his liver function was down to 20%. Earlier that year he was admitted to Limassol hospital in Cyprus with fever and gastro-intestinal infection. Prior to this, in February 2001, he was treated in Belfast city hospital for pneumonia and two years ago he was treated in the Cromwell hospital for liver damage. In 1984 he was arrested for drink driving and assaulting a police officer. (www.news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2161540.stm) Each time he received warnings from doctors about his health, yet he repeatedly went back to drinking. These are either the actions of an irresponsible man who should be dealt with severely to protect himself and others, or someone who cannot control himself and needs extensive help. Either way is it right to release him back into society just to repeatedly offend and/or drink excessively, and eventually costing society more money either through medical treatment or policing."

Tags:alcoholism, cirhossis, liver, national, health, hospital

Abstract
The paper describes through examples, the principles that underpin modern developments in vaccination strategies. It gives a background to the development of vaccines, and describes how they work and the bodies immune response. It also looks at current developments in vaccinations and gives detailed descriptions of various vaccination methods. It uses specific U.K.examples with the MMR vaccine.

From the Paper
"The response to immunisation/vaccination can be enhanced by a number of agents, and collectively these are termed adjuvants. These are a heterogeneous group of compounds, with several different mechanisms of action. In the history of immunisation/vaccination, many compounds have been used empirically, with little knowledge about how they may work. Several vaccines are composed of proteins that have bee precipitated with alum, and others are emulsified in oil based compounds. One of the best known emulsifying agent's is Freund's complete adjuvant, which contains mycobacterial derivatives. Amongst these, bacterial cell wall components such as lipopolysaccharide are powerful immune stimulants, having an activating effect on macrophages and T-cells."

Tags:aids, bacteria, edward, hiv, immune, immunization, immunize, jener, medicine, mmr

Abstract
This paper provides a case study of young African man who was brought into A&E by the ambulance crew. The main theory that underpins the whole assessment process is the Roper- Logan-Tierney Model by Roper et al (1996), popularly known as the Roper's model, which emphasises the interaction between biological, psychological and social factors as influences on human behaviour and therefore, on health.

Outline
Background and Context of the Patient
The Assessment Process
The History of the Presenting Problem
Nursing Management Priorities
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The history of the presenting problem was collected from the statements and the documentation of the paramedics as well as by directly asking the patient. In many cases the patient was asked to confirm the details. This was good as the patient was actively included in the process. The paramedic said that they had been called to the patient's address as the patient was a having a progressive headache and that it was so bad that he could not function in any way, let alone, drive to the A&E department."

Tags:holistic, model, roper, systems, theory, tierney

Abstract
This paper discusses the cases of diabetes that have shown up around the world and describes its symptoms and complications. Diabetes mellitus is a special type of diabetes that has been shown to have mysterious causes that are yet unknown. Pulling facts from the World Health Organization and other health organizations, the paper presents an plan for understanding the disease, treatment and prevention.

From the Paper
"The global burden of diabetes mellitus is overwhelming (World Health Organisation 2008) and the problem is predicted to increase to greater than 340 million individuals by 2030, which is 5% of the population or 1 in 20 (Wild et al. 2004). In 2004, diabetes mellitus was the 19th leading burden disease worldwide and it is estimated to rise to 10th by 2030 (World Health Organisation 2008). These figures provide an illustration of the magnitude of the problem, but ``what is diabetes mellitus?'' Diabetes mellitus is a term which encompasses two physiologically different diseases. These two disease have been known by many different names, however, the generally accepted names are Type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (Culver 2007). Both diseases are the result of an imbalance in the body's homoeostatic balance of insulin secretion to glucose absorption (Ostenson 2001), resulting in a ``normal'' glycemic control. There are two ``types'' of diabetes mellitus and the pathophysiology of type 1 will be discussed, however, the main focus will be type 2 diabetes mellitus."

Tags:diabetes mellitus, Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations/Complications, Treatments/Preventions

Abstract
This paper examines how human schisostomiasis or katayama fever is a serious parasitic infection caused by helminths and how schisostomiasis remains endemic in 76 countries and territories. mainly as a result of poor living conditions, improper sanitation and irrigation, which allow optimal parasite transmission. It reviews schisostomiasis and focuses on the immunological aspects of the disease and its vaccine development.

From the Paper
"Diagnosis of Schisostomiasis relies on both microbiological and immunological methods. Immunodiagnosis uses the principle of detection of antibodies and antigens. Several years ago, skin tests were user but now are considered inappropriate to perform due to their invasive nature. Most tests are performed today using plasma obtained from methods like finger pricking and venous blood. Other tests involve use of body fluids, urine, milk and saliva (Santos et al. 2000). Most commonly used are the Antibody and Antigen detection tests. As far as antibody tests are concerned, a positive result does not necessarily mean that this patient has an active infection. This test is more a marker that this person has been or is infected with Schisostoma."

Tags:fever, katayama, helminths

Abstract
This research proposal explores the disease of asthma, its symptoms, affected populations, and treatments, with particular focus on the usefulness and efficacy of nutritional supplements. The role of the FDA is touched upon, and the hypotheses and methodology for the proposed study are included. The paper concludes that possibly, if a study is undertaken with regards to nutritional supplements usage and the treatment of asthma in elderly and adult patients, effects can be noted and a base for further research can be developed.

Outline:
Background of the Problem
What is Nutrition?
How Does Nutrition Affect The Human Body?
Asthma and its Effects
Nutritional Supplements
Uses of Nutritional Supplements That a Physician Should Know About
Treatment of Asthma
Why Is Asthma Under Diagnosed And Under Treated In The Elderly?
Statement of Problem: Effects of Nutritional Supplements on Asthma
Hypotheses for the Study
Definition of Terms
Importance of the Study - Nutritional Supplements and Asthma
Why should we study the effect of Nutritional Supplements on Asthma?
Research Questions for the Study
Methods of Research - Methodology
Procedure to Collect Data and Treatment of Data
Methods-Sample Selection and Sample Size
Ethics and Review
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Asthma is categorized as disease that has taken a toll on children, adolescents and elderly alike. It has symptoms that are easy to detect, and for such, treatment is usually always required. However, one thing to note here is the fact that Asthma is generally incurable and that it can only be controlled through drugs and medication, with proper and early diagnosis of asthma in the patient. (Mark, 2006)
"It is one the most common diseases in the United States and all over the world, with about approximately 20 million people affected with asthma in the United States only. In this, quite a large number are children. (Mark, 2006)"

Tags:asthmatic, vitamin, mineral