Abstract
This paper covers the much debated issue of the Medicare program?s lack of prescription drug coverage for the elderly and disabled in the US. A brief history of the program itself, descriptions of and actions taken by the key players in the debate, including the Medicare recipients themselves, support/interest groups such as the AARP, the government, pharmaceutical agencies, and the American public are included.

From the paper:

"At the time of its establishment in 1965 through to the present, the U.S. Medicare program was designed to provide quality health care services for elderly and disabled Americans. The two-part program provides coverage for hospital visits as well as a limited amount of medical insurance to aid with doctors? bills and things of the like. Although it has always been one of the most popular federal programs among elderly and younger citizens alike, the Medicare program has been and remains to grow progressively ineffective in providing quality health care to its recipients. While issues such as the exclusion of certain medical procedures from Medicare?s coverage realm have come and gone, the single most longstanding issue of debate is that of prescription drugs."

Tags:drug, elderly, prescription, disabled, aarp, pharmaceutical, tax, republican, recipient, medigap, companies, democrat

Abstract
The paper discusses the problem of patients receiving prescription drugs, which they do not actually need because they see the advertising and demand that their doctors give them these drugs. The paper explores the positions of the American Medical Association and the Federal Drug Association. The author concluded that until the drug companies stop hiding the truth and exploiting their drugs, the federal government should do its best to control what the advertisements say and to eliminate loopholes within the law, so that these ads will stop misinforming the public about what the drugs can actually do.

From the Paper
"Drug companies that portray their drugs to improve substantially the lives of the afflicted individuals are not quick to stress the dangers and serious side effects that can endanger lives. The new drugs advertised have a twenty percent chance of ending in an FDA drug recall or having additional FDA safety warnings placed on their labels within 25 years. Advertisements account for hundreds of millions of dollars every year that drug companies spend."

Tags:loopholes, abuse, ama, fda, patients

Abstract
This paper examines how the cost of prescription drugs is rising in the United States at a rate that outstrips the ability of people without health insurance to pay for them. It looks at how medications absorb up to 30% of the income of many senior citizens, and over 40 million Americans have no health insurance at all. It proposes that those without prescription insurance coverage be combined into one identifiable group eligible for the price discounts negotiated by HMOs and other coverage providers, thus giving all Americans access to volume discount prices for medications.

From the Paper
"Struggling with the cost of medications is not a new problem, and has been a topic of public debate since the 1950's when Senator Estes Kefauver led hearings regarding the pricing policies of the big pharmaceutical companies (Buell, 1999). He accused them of raising their prices unfairly. The industry replied that federal control on prices would devalue stocks and discourage research on new medications, just the claims made today. While there is no doubt that research done pharmaceutical companies has resulted in many new and valuable medications, research is not their only expense. Large amounts of money are spent on advertising, and in the United States, the high cost of medications puts them out of reach of millions who need them (Buell, 1999)."

Tags:pharmaceuticals, hmos, drugs, generics

Abstract
The paper discusses how a company has to maintain business ethics as part of maintaining corporate social responsibility. The paper then focuses on Merck's recall of the Vioxx drug after a customer died from its use. The paper explains how some thought Merck waited too long to recall the drug because it wanted to maximize profits, while on the other hand, some were happy Vioxx was available for longer since a lot of patients would suffer from a lack of the drug. The paper relates that as a result of the late recall, the company's brand reputation and bottom line faced dire consequences and then highlights how it is not always possible for a company to balance organizational ethics with external stakeholder ethics. The paper propounds that in today's dynamic environment, the critical success factor is to maintain a flexible approach to ethical decision-making and test ethical decisions with the external parties.

From the Paper
"However the concept of competitive advantage is rooted in employee motivation and customer confidence. This is where the concept of business ethics becomes relevant. Business ethics is defined as the behavioral guidelines that an organization adheres to in its dealings with both the internal and external stakeholders. However the factors of customer confidence and employee motivation do not always facilitate strict adherence to the behavioral guidelines that are incorporated in the code of ethics. For this reason, the management of an organization can find themselves in a situation in which decision-making might have to be practiced with some discretion that is open to debate. In this respect, the management will make the ethical decisions as they see fit in order to balance the interest of the employees and the customers."

Tags:organization, stakeholder, ethics, consumers, code, of, conduct

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to describe and analyze the retail drugstore industry and then focus on Walgreens, the industry leader in terms of sales. As part of the Walgreens analysis, its major competitors (CVS Corporation and Rite Aid Corporation) will also be described and analyzed.

Defining the Industry
Number and Type of Pharmacies
Drugstores
External Forces and Agents
Health Maintenance Organizations
Sales
Growth Strategies
Competitors
Competition
Technology
Demographic Trends
Suppliers / Vendors
Regulation
Managed Care and Pharmacy Benefit Managers
Walgreens - A Company Snapshot
Positive Demographics Should Help Fuel Growth
Walgreens Strategic Response
Differentiation
Focus
Walgreens SWOT Analysis
Competitive Analysis
Rite Aid Corporation
CVS Corporation
Financial Analysis

From the Paper
"During the 1990s, many factors were applying downward pressure on the profit margins of retail drug companies', including the rise of health maintenance organizations (HMOs) and pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs), advances in information technology, the emergence of e-commerce, and economic power concentrated in the hands of large pharmaceutical companies (Global Powers of Retailing, 2000).Companies in the retail drugstore industry are engaged in the retail sale of prescription drugs, proprietary drugs, and nonprescription medications. Many also sell medical devices, as well as a variety of cosmetics, toiletries, tobacco, novelty items, snack-foods, and beverages (Encyclopedia of American Industry)."

Tags:drug, drugstores, retail, pharmacy

Abstract
This paper takes an in depth look at the ways in which pharmaceutical companies unscrupulously put profit before people. Five of the main ways in which they do this that are discussed are; manipulation of research, undue influence over doctors prescribing practices, direct-to-consumer advertising, discrediting of their competitors pharmaceutical and natural alike, and investing only in profitable research. Each topic is discussed thoroughly with credible sources to back the data up.

From the Paper
"The pharmaceutical industry wants people to believe that their main goal is to help people. The Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) has even begun airing feel-good commercials featuring people whose lives have been saved by medications. In reality, they spend billions of dollars every year to ensure their true purpose, maximum profit. Their influence begins in the research lab, where the sponsor, usually a pharmaceutical company with a huge financial stake in the findings, has more to say over how the study is conducted and what information is released then the actual investigators, leading some of the foremost medical journals in the world to fight back with strict guidelines. After the pharmaceutical companies get their products approved, they engage in a campaign of bribery to persuade doctors to prescribe their name brand, expensive drugs over their competitor s products. Not wanting to leave it up to the doctors alone to endorse their products, the pharmaceutical industry has started advertising directly to an unwitting populace, on television and in popular magazines. Pharmaceutical companies use their political power and vast economic resources to discredit and undermine non-drug treatment options for various diseases, particularly by attacking the burgeoning field of holistic medicine. Furthermore, the pharmaceutical companies have a long history of not investing in research that would lead to drugs for diseases that effect the world s poor, because there is little profit to be made in developing nations. Through various immoral practices, the pharmaceutical companies put profit ahead of the interests, health and safety of consumers. "

Tags:conspiracy, drug, medicine, natural, government, industry, infections, medical, reseach, profit, sales

Abstract
This paper explains the many types of schizophrenia and how it effect the patient's life. The paper outlines the development of medications to treat this disease but stresses that these drugs are not without problems. The paper concludes that the treatment goal for schizophrenia is to discover a medication that enables the patient to live a normal life with no risk of relapse; however, at present, there is no such drug.

From the Paper
"Although these drug treatments have been able to mask the symptoms of schizophrenia and for some that may give access to a normal way of life away from living in hospitals but they have yet to find a cure. And these drugs, especially the classical antipsychotics, are associated with a variety of different side effects. Due to these side effects causing so much distress to patients they often they stop taking their medication which leads to relapses in their symptoms, which in turn leads to repeated hospitalizations."

Tags:symptoms neuroleptics chlorpromazine clozapine, side effects

Abstract
In this article, the writer argues that the choice between state and corporate medicine is a relatively recent phenomenon. The writer notes that such a luxury sharply contrasts with the historical development of medical care, specifically during the nineteenth century in Britain and America, which sought, through the interventions of the state, to provide for the poor. From such a perspective, then, this essay posits that modern medicine is less about the choice between state and corporate provision than the foundations state medicine essentially helped create from which corporate medicine later benefited.

From the Paper
"Chadwick believed that many of the illness and diseases which inflicted the poor would be lessened or even eradicated. Importantly, the implication of the lawyer's report was that these measures could only be carried out by the state at a time when Britain subscribed to the creed of political economy, which held the laissez-faire state to be a paramount virtue. Yet following Chadwick's report, a Royal Commission on the Health of Towns was set up, which met between 1843 and 1845, leading to Liverpool creating the first sanitary authority in 1846 which spawned similar bodies elsewhere. By the time the Public Health Act of 1848 was passed the important role of the state was set in stone: a central government department was created as the General Board of Health; local sanitary authorities were invested with powers to coordinate municipal responsibilities; and a local inspection regime was also created that appointed medical health officers. Consequently, by 1853, 284 districts and 103 towns had applied to adopt the Public Health Act. But the crucial characteristic of the Act was that, while it did concede the importance of the role of the state, it did not make the adoption of the Act compulsory."

Tags:public, health, conditions, diseases

Abstract
The paper explains the pharmacology behind G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and the manner in which they function. The paper explains the seriousness of obesity and details the numerous medications that are currently in use, together with their mode of action. Part ll of the paper analyzes whether the medication Obestatin is a ligand on GPR39 and its related GPCRs. The paper is well documented with tables and graphs and provides results with the conclusion.

Outline:
General Information
Obestatin Transient Investigation
Introduction
Method
Results and Discussion

From the Paper
"The mainstay of treatment for obesity is an energy-limited diet and increased exercise. Although adherence to this regimen can cure obesity, many patients are unable to make the required sacrifices. It leads to drug application and bariatric surgery come into play. Bariatric surgery in both risk assessment and financial expenditure excess the drug application, therefore the drug treatment is the most popular and prevalent therapy in tackling obesity disease. Currently, the most commonly prescribed medication for diet/exercise-resistant obesity is orlistat (Xenical(r) which reduces intestinal fat absorption by inhibiting pancreatic lipase) and sibutramine (Reductil(r), Meridia(r) which is an anorectic). In pursuing more efficacy and safer drugs, scientists have plunged into the researches in the past ten years and identified some of the genes responsible for the body weight and fat contents. They pointed out the associate protein products of these genes play critical roles in regulating the energy balance. "

Tags:obesity, treatment, surgery, receptors

Abstract
This paper digs deeply into how aspirin and salbutamol were developed and also how they interact in the body from a heavy chemical and neurological perspective. It also gives a detailed overview into how, in general, pharmacueticals are developed using bronchodilars as an example. Also included are numerous diagrams in order to aid the reader comprehend the text.

From the Paper
"Since 400BC physicians prescribed a bitter powder extract from the willow bark tree to alleviate pain. In the middle of the 18th century two chemists by the name of Fontana and Brugnatelli extracted the active agent Salicin from the willow, and was then converted by Piria into Salicylic acid. Felix Hoffman a German chemist set about trying to synthesize salicylic acid."

Tags:adrenaline, adrenocepters, agonist, bark, compound, cox1, cox2, hoffman, industry, kolbe, meloxicam, pharmaceutical, phenol, salicylic, ventolin, willow