Abstract
This paper analyzes the consequences of the United States dropping atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. It discusses this in light on future developments in the arms race, the cold war and world hysteria of the nuclear bomb. It states the opinion the Americans have double standards when it comes to this issue because they are the only country ever to have used atomic warfare and at the same time have always lead the nuclear disarmament war.

From the Paper
"The United States' decision to drop atomic bombs on Japan in WWII was motivated by a desire for a decisive victory, an unnecessary act against a country that was would have surrendered without the use of the bomb, and a disturbing use of force that created worldwide fear and horror about the use of nuclear weapons. The bombings of Nagasaki and Hiroshima by the United States were justified by the American government as a reasonable means to bring a quick end to a bloody and long war that had engulfed the world for years. However, critics have argued that dropping the bombs was a completely unnecessary act, as a beleaguered Japan would have surrendered to the United States within days, even if the bombs had never been dropped. Further, critics argued that the United States' decision was ultimately motivated by a political desire to assert itself as a military and political power. Further, the bombing is now often seen as one of the cornerstone events that led to worldwide hysteria and fear about the effects of nuclear weapons that developed in the time of the Cold War between the United States and the U.S.S.R. Ultimately, given these important considerations, the United States should not have dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki."

Tags:nuclear, arms, race

Abstract
This paper discusses influencing factors on the decision to send atomic bombs on Japan during WWII. The author argues that atomic bombs used on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were essential for America to win WWII.

From the Paper
"The peaceful town of Hiroshima, Japan was beginning its day on the morning of August 6, 1945. Many Japanese were going to work or still in bed. The streets were bustling with bicycles. All at once, a flash of light was seen in the air. A deafening roar and fire hotter that the sun's surface. "Little Boy" exploded with the strength of twenty million tons of dynamite. The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan were necessary for the Allies to win the Second World War, according to their terms of unconditional surrender of Japan. In order to determine this, one must observe: One, the German Nazi's example to Japan; two, the strife between Japan and the Allies; and three, the arguments given by Secretary of War Harry L. Stimson."

Tags:blitzkrieg, decleration, east, germany, harry, indies, japanese, oppenheimer, potsdam, truman, ussr

Abstract
Technical discussion of toxic properties of various weapons. Purpose of producing physiological or physical effects on enemy forces. Modern origin in use of mustard gas in World War I. Describes blistering agents (vesicants), nerve gas, VX, Soman, B2, toxins and allergens. Treaties to prevent use of chemical weapons. The Geneva Protocol of 1925 and the Chemical Weapons Convention of 1993.

From the Paper
"Chemical weapons use the toxic properties of chemicals to produce physical or physiological effects, usually on enemy forces during wars (FAS-Introduction, 2001). Although they have been used throughout history, chemical weapons are thought of as originating during World War I with the use of mustard gas by both sides. In 1925, the Geneva Protocol was signed which prohibited the use of chemical weapons in warfare, but several nations who signed the pact, including the United States, did so with the proviso that they reserved the right to retaliate in kind if chemical weapons were used against them. Neither side used chemical weapons during World War II. Common agents in use are: the blood agents arsine, cyanogen chloride and hydrogen chloride; the choking agents chlorine, diphosgene, PFIB and phosgene; nerve agents GA (tabun), GB (sarin), GD (soman), GE, GF, V..."

Abstract
In this report the writer explains chemical warfare and list the types of agents which can be used. It describes how a person is affected and the great potential hazards and dangers. The writer provides an overview of historical cases when chemical warfare has been used and explains how it?s transmitted. The paper gives specific examples of certain types, and lastly, looks at how a person can be protected from chemical warfare.

From the Paper
"On April 22 in 1915, six thousand pressurized cylinders full of chlorine gas were released into the wind near the Belgian village of Ypres. The chlorine floated in huge clouds slowly being carried by the wind until it reached an ally army to Germany, then killing 10,000 soldiers. Because of the amount of gas released the chlorine caused large amounts of yellowish fluid to form in the lungs of the soldiers causing them to choke to death. Germany attacked again another two days later killing another 5,000 soldiers with chlorine gas. This was the first chemical weapon attack in history and chlorine was the first chemical agent. Since then there have been a handful more times when chemicals have been used to attack other people and with the terrorist attacks on 9-11 Americans know the fear of chemicals being used against us. In this report I will explain chemical warfare, list the types, describe how a person is affected, explain when they ve been used, explain how it s transmitted, give specific examples of certain types, and lastly, how a person is protected from chemical warfare."

Tags:agents, weapons, hazard

Abstract
This term paper discusses the benefits & drawbacks of nuclear proliferation and how it can increase or decrease the security dilemma. It shows the main concern that lies at the heart of the issue of nuclear proliferation to be the security of states.

From the Paper
"Nuclear proliferation, or the spread of nuclear weapons, occurs in two ways: vertically and horizontally. Vertical proliferation occurs at a time when a country already owning nuclear weapons increases the size of its arsenals. However, the main fear lies with horizontal proliferation. Horizontal proliferation involves the spread of nuclear weapons to currently non-nuclear states. Some fear that if non-nuclear states acquire arms, it results in decreased security for all states. Others argue that if all states possess arms then the fear of a nuclear war deters states from using their nuclear weapons for offensive purposes. The question most often associated with the debate of nuclear proliferation states: Does nuclear proliferation increase or decrease the security of states? This question, commonly known as the security dilemma, lies at the heart of this issue. Opponents of nuclear proliferation claim that the emergence of new nuclear states decreases security because new nuclear states come in hostile pairs, have governments and societies that are not well rooted, and increase the likelihood of nuclear accidents and terrorist thefts of nuclear weapons. Proponents of nuclear proliferation state that the emergence of new nuclear states increases security because new nuclear states alter the dynamics of arms races and deterrent balances are inherently stable."

Tags:arms, cold, dilemma, nuclear, proliferation, race, security, war

Abstract
This paper explains that the possession of nuclear weapons by North Korea is a problem because of its deviant and erratic behavior, capricious communist leaders, impoverished citizens and the serious threat to its neighbors and the international population. The author points out that, from the North Korean viewpoint, it requires a nuclear weapons program for self-preservation especially against the inevitable attack from the United States; having a nuclear program is the only way it will be able to negotiate with the United States. The paper explains that the argument of the global community over the ever-changing standards used to decide if a country is suitable for nuclear weapons development is complicated by differing motives, such as power, influence, nationalistic pride and security nations; however, when these motives are pushed too far and manifest into irresponsible or unpredictable behavior, the international community is required to aggressively pursue disarmament, as is the case for North Korea.

From the Paper
"President Clinton, who served dual terms from 1993-2000, was a firm believer in the power of diplomacy to sway the Koreans and employed lots of negotiation devices throughout his term. Conversely, President Bush, who served from 2001 to the present, is commonly portrayed as taking a tougher stance on foreign relations and decided to decline all bilateral negotiations with North Korea. Agreeing to meet with North Korea one on one would be appeasement in his eyes and Bush argued that he would not seek to pacify the Koreans; rather the President wished for the nations of South Korea, Japan, and China to also engage with North Korea and take greater responsibility in the dispute, citing their regional responsibility. Lastly, in 2003 President Bush cancelled the Agreed Framework pact, created by the Clinton administration in 1994, and ended the regular fuel shipments to North Korea."

Tags:clinton, bush, policy, negotiation, unpredictable

Abstract
This essay provides an extensive analysis of contemporary conflicts. It examines the nature of guerrilla warfare and how it can negate the technological superiority of larger states. It studies the tactical lessons drawn from individual conflicts and the changing roles of the army, navy and air force, as well as the importance of effective combined arms. It also studies modern warfare from a political viewpoint, the role of the media and the ability of the United Nations to secure a stable international environment.

From the Paper
"The conflicts of the past twenty-five years have been notable for their range and variety. Few corners of the globe have been left untouched; the recent terrorist attacks in New York and Washington have even brought conflict to America's doorstep, and only the continent of Australasia has remained relatively unscathed. Furthermore, the types of conflict have been as varied as they have been widespread, including wars of nationalism, revenge, territorial acquisition, ideology and humanitarian intervention. These wars have manifested themselves in a variety of different ways, from old-style trench warfare seemingly copied straight out of the First World War, to high-precision bombing campaigns, where the attackers are almost completely removed from the battlefield, and experience few, if any, casualties. Therefore, it is difficult to generalize about the lessons derived from these wars. This period has been dominated by the decline and fall of the Soviet Union, and few conflicts have occurred, even a decade later, which have not been affected by the legacy of the Cold War. Formerly suppressed nationalism has been released, reviving age-old tensions in the former Yugoslavia, and sparking many civil wars across Africa, whilst the Soviet Union's demise has caused the United States and her allies to look elsewhere for enemies to fill the Soviet gap, particularly the Middle-East, and potentially China. Meanwhile, many believe that the United States is going through a 'revolution in military affairs', heralded by her victories over Iraq and the Taliban Alliance. However, neither victory proved her ability to defeat a popular, irregular army: Iraq deployed a conventional force, whilst the Taliban had little local support, and had to fight against the Northern Alliance as well. Thus, the Soviet experience in Afghanistan, and the Russian experience in Chechnya, still provide important lessons for the future."

Tags:afghanistan, artillery, chechnya, iraq, kosovo

Abstract
This essay examines the claims of India and Pakistan over Kashmir, and examines some of the more viable solutions towards ending the fifty year standoff, concluding with a proposition for self-determination. It also suggests solutions to avoiding a nuclear conflict.

From the Paper
"Few current events are capable of conjuring the level of passion characteristically aroused in the debate over the disputed territory of Jammu and Kashmir. The valley that has historically been characterized by the beauty and fertility of its land is now depicted in routine acts of violence, religious extremism, and human rights atrocities, and the issues at hand are as convoluted as the region's ancient history. Most aspects regarding Kashmir's current turmoil remain obscured to outsiders by ambiguity and propaganda. What have become evident, however, are the countless atrocities routinely perpetrated over the past several decades. Since 1947, Pakistan and India have twice declared war over the disputed territory, and have persistently engaged in low-level border skirmishes, which have left thousands dead. Because both counties now possess nuclear weapons, the international stakes in resolving the conflict have never been greater. Although both India and Pakistan have undoubtedly played a role in the violence, one's view of the crisis depends upon which account has been given, as both countries seem more interested in distorting the facts to aid their own cause, rather than viewing acts of violence individually and objectively."

Tags:asia, conflict, determination, extremism, foriegn, fundamentalism, hindu, independence, india, islam, jammu, jihad, mujahadeen, musharraf, nuclear, pakistan, policy, proliferation, religious, self, south, threat

Abstract
In this paper, the writer examines President John F. Kennedy's decision-making during the Cuban missile crisis of 1962. The writer provides a background of the crisis. In the article, the writer discusses dealings between Kennedy and Soviet leader, Khrushchev. The writer also covers the outcome of the crisis.

From the Paper
"The Cuban Missile Crisis occurred in October when the Soviet Union under the leadership of Premier Nikita Khrushchev began placing offensive ballistic missiles in Cuba, just miles off the U. S. coast. Traditionally, historians have contended that Khrushchev began placing the missiles in Cuba from a position of strength, intended to defy a weak foe, President John F. Kennedy. They emphasized the apparent resolve Kennedy showed in dealing with Khrushchev, essentially portraying Kennedy as a man who finally became presidential during ... "

Tags:kennedy, cuban missile crisis, Khrushchev

Abstract
This paper discusses the implications of third world military industrialization. Section one is an introduction to the topic, which among others states that it: "would be useful to examine the trends and implications of Third World militarization and arms procurement process to find the factors that shape its growth and development. Section two is devoted to an explanation of what these authors have hypothesized on the subject of third world militarization and its implications: Rodney Jones and Steven Hildreth, James Katz, Edward Kolodziej and Robert Harkavy, Miles Wolpin, and Ross Peterson. Section three describes the key variables that the writers selected authors have used as well as those that the writer would use in his own hypothesis. Section four addresses questions such as, "In view of your operationalizations, how should you test the validity of the hypotheses?" Section five is a short summation and explanation of how one would recognize whether or not the statistical results from the hypothesis were proved, or disproved. Along with this there is discussion of potential statistical findings in terms of specified parameters, and future directions of this research project.

Tags:foreign, industrialize, policy, hypothesis