Abstract
This paper deals with the impetus behind the European Union's (EU) policies towards Russia since the end of the Cold War. It looks at how it has been twofold with institutional reform to promote democracy and economic aid to assist in the integration of the former communist countries into the global sphere.
Outline
The End of Empire?
EU/Russia Policies in the 1990s: Institutional Reform and Economic Aid
The EU, NATO and Russia
Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP)
EU Enlargement 2004 - New Borders, New Neighbors
Four Common Spaces
Kaliningrad and the Schengen Regime
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The impetus behind the EU's policies towards Russia since the end of the Cold War has been twofold: institutional reform to promote democracy and economic aid to assist in the integration of the former communist countries into the global sphere. Behind these policies there is fear: an apprehension regarding the mere size of the Eastern countries and the potential threat of a reawakening of Soviet economic and military might; a concern for the possible exodus of immigrants into the EU and the social and economic ramifications for the EU as a whole and individual member states near the borders; an unease at the possibility of an almost never-ending enlargement of the EU and the consequences for the existing community; and the unpleasant notion that without assistance, the former countries of the USSR will fail to develop into in a democratically and economically acceptable way - i.e. following the orthodox neo-liberal capitalist ideal of the West - and the possibility that this may lead to a more confrontational, antagonistic division once again. "

Tags:cfsp, commonwealth, enlargement, pca, regime, schengen, states

Abstract
This paper describes the U.S. policy of containment and follows it from its inception just after the Second World War to the end of the Cold War with the fall of the Soviet Union. It looks at the different policies that in themselves helped to make up the policy of containment, such as the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan. Also, all of the major conflicts in which this policy was employed are examined along with the ramifications of its employment. The paper spans seven presidencies and examines how the policy changed and adapted to the changing domestic attitudes of the time and the outlook of the president at the time.

From the Paper
"With a change in the administration came a change in how the Cold War was fought and how the policy of containment was adapted to the contemporary political environment. The Kennedy/Johnson years of 1961-69 were characterised by a 'flexible response strategy' and Kennedy's 'New Frontier' strategy focused on two things, MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction) and the battle for hearts and minds and the capabilities of the Third World. The highpoint of the Kennedy administration and of containment under his administration was the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, where the fate of the world was balanced on a knife edge during the heated confrontations and negotiations between Kennedy and Soviet premier Khrushchev. "

Tags:Truman, Doctrine, Marshall, Plan, Domino, Theory, Cuban, Missile, Crisis, Vietnam, Korea

Abstract
A look at the occupation of Afghanistan by the Soviets. The author examines this occupation from the time before conflict till the time the Soviets fought against Afghan soldiers. A look at the events leading up to this occupation.

From the Paper
"The Soviet experience in Afghanistan is like that of many other world powers throughout history. Nations such as the United States, Britain, France, and China have all enjoyed the difficulties of imperialism. One in which a large, broad, foreign force was used to counter a small force of relatively ill-equipped, native insurgents. In each of these cases the indigenous forces were clearly outgunned and out manned, however they proved to be indomitable. Their will and persistence was stronger than any professional army, more destructive than any modern weapon, and more capable than any highly trained soldier."

Tags:east, middle, russia, terrorism, war

Abstract
This essay looks at why the Irish Home Rule bill was accepted in 1914, and why it was rejected earlier in both 1886 and 1893. The author discusses the political situation of the time in Britain and Ireland, examining closely the major people and parties involved and why they came to the decisions they arrived at.

From the Paper
"The issue of Home Rule and other Irish issues dominated British politics during the late 19th century and early 20th century, but the reason it was allowed to dominate was because the British parliament and population was not interested in Ireland, or solving its problems. Land Acts were passed, coercion failed and welfare support was slow and cumbersome, partly hampered by being a minority group, the Irish Nationalists were always going to find it hard to get the full benefits pushed through to advance Ireland further. In a parliament where the Tories were not interested in Irish issues and the Lords dominated by Tories, the only party Irish Nationalists could gain help from was the Liberals and they were split over the Irish Question."

Tags:britain, conservatives, gladstone, history, ireland, lords, nationalists, parnell, unionists

Abstract
Game theory is the use of mathematical models to predict the outcome of a dispute or interaction between two or more independent actors. It has been applied in a wide range of contexts, including gambling, business and international relations. This essay examines the importance of game theory when analyzing the foreign policy decision-making process. It argues that while simple games such as the Prisoner's Dilemma may not illuminate the process on their own, more complex models can offer a systemic device by which foreign policy can be analyzed more accurately.

From the Paper
"Perhaps the most widely recognized game is the Prisoner's Dilemma, which examines the choices faced by two people arrested for the same crime, and observes the likelihood that they would both accuse the other one, and thus both go to jail. When used in foreign policy analysis, it is often used to describe the nature of arms races, or the possibility of nuclear fallout. This is a non-zero-sum game, a game where it is possible for both players to lose, or to win (as opposed to a zero-sum game, where one actor's gain is always equal to another actor's loss)."

Tags:bureaucratic, cuban, nash, policon

Abstract
In this paper the writer puts forward the reasons that account for the growth in Perestroika, such as the economic decline and social despair suffered by the populations of Russia and the countries of Communist Eastern Europe. It also looks at the man who was responsible for the introduction of Perestroika, Mikhail Gorbachev and why he wanted to introduce Perestroika.

From the Paper
"The Soviet Union and its satellite countries were on a continual downward spiral from the late 50's and 60's. Ruled from Moscow, the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe was suffering a very poor economy and social conditions such as housing, welfare and food supply. Leonid Brezhnev, who became Secretary General of the Soviet Communist Party in 1964, reinforced the strict regime of communism. All private ownership in Russia was ended, a mass programme of industrialization was started and the Soviet military strength was significantly enhanced."

Tags:cold war, Eastern Europe, Glasnost, Gorbachev, Perestroika, Russia, Soviet Union

Abstract
This paper looks at how Gandhi used non-violence and peaceful protest as a weapon against British Imperial Rule throughout the early twentieth century. The paper looks at key events such as the Quit India protest, the two World Wars and the involvement of Irish nationalists. Gandhi's actions are considered within the global events that shaped Britian's ability to take action against Gandhi: Gandhi was not the only reason the British eventually left India!

From the Paper
"Throughout the ages mankind often instinctively turns to the use of violence to defeat an enemy. Violence is part and parcel of the culture of human beings. And yet one of the greatest freedom struggles in modern history was apparently won through the specific rejection of violence, and the active use of a policy of non-violence. That struggle was between the Indian independence movement and the British colonial administration. At the head of that independence movement was Mahatma Gandhi, a simple Indian who held no office or great wealth, and yet was able to unite a whole subcontinent against the British Empire. Not only that, but he did it in such a peaceful, virtuous way that he made the British question their own morals and eventually forced them out of India. This is the general version that is recorded in history. However, this version of events generally ignores the other forces that influenced the British to withdraw from the Empire in India. Here we will critically examine the view that the use of non-violence was the main reason for the ending of British rule in India, by examining the true organizational nature of non-violent civil disobedience and other events, British and global."

Tags:independence, Mohandas, Mahatma, Hindu, passive, resistance, campaigns, defense, Raja, Viceroy, Lord, Irwin, World, War, II

Abstract
This paper focuses on the way counter terrorism and terrorism have changed since 9/11 and the growing role of the U.S. It also looks at the development of 'modern' terrorism and the possible consequences of the continuing War on Terror. It debates whether or not September 11th, 2001 can be seen as a day that changed the face of terrorism. It also discusses how since the invasion of Afghanistan, terrorist attacks have become more numerous and high profile although their basic purpose remains the same, to gain attention. It puts forward the view that what has changed about terrorism since 9/11 is the amount of media attention it now controls.

From the Paper
"As well as presenting a recent point of reference for terrorist activity, the conflicts in Palestine and Northern Ireland also show two different ways of dealing with the problem, certain aspects of which have been adopted by the United States. In the case of Britain and Northern Ireland, the conflict is one of territory and security for those who want British rule. In Palestine and Israel however, the situation is based purely on territory. This difference in the foundation for the terrorist action seems to have dictated the way in which terrorism has been dealt with. Because of the presence of British citizens in Northern Ireland, and the small section of society that is involved in the unrest , it has been British policy in recent years to try and settle the situation through political sanctions and increased security measures to prevent terrorism."

Tags:war, palestine, israel, ireland, afganistan

Abstract
This paper examines the concepts of modernisation and dependency theory in relation to developed and undeveloped countries. It shows how the theories are very different in their approach and the eventual outcomes of their analysis of the world system lead to very different ideas as to how the undeveloped world can "catch up" with the western world. It attempts to address the different elements inherent within the two theories, highlighting any differences and similarities and how they may be applied in the current global environment.

From the Paper
"The theory of Dependency was according to Chong-Ya: "in vogue in Latin America in the 1950s and 1960s," although its origins as an established critique stem from the inauguration of the Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA) in 1948. The major role of the ECLA was to initiate "more systematic economic research" whilst it also "necessitated a policy of import substitution, later systematized into a fully-fledged development strategy." Yet the theory still holds weight in light of the increase in supposed exploitative agents. Recent globalization is thought to have been the origin of the exponential growth of the dominance of multi-national largely western corporations in the world system."

Tags:america, debate, dependency, development, international, latin, north, relations, south, third, world

Abstract
This paper examines how global economic forces enable sections of third world society to be more easily exploited. It investigates how the first world does not play on a level playing field by using the Multi-Fibre Agreement. The views of protesters, the World Bank, and others are reviewed. The paper ends by touching upon future developments, such as the impact of China becoming a full member of the World Trade Organization.

From the Paper
"During the past three decades, remarkable internationalisation of the world economy has taken place. This process has become known as globalisation. Globalisation can be defined as "The increasing integration of national economies into expanding international markets" (Todaro: 1997). Neo-liberal authors and institutions, such as the IMF, state that globalisation is driven by four main factors; free market ideology; technological breakthroughs in communication; the shifting of economic activity to the developing world; and the opening up of previously closed borders. These factors of globalisation have inevitably led to changes in conditions of labour in third world employment. Here we will look at what the changes have been. We will then examine the views taken on these conditions by 'anti-sweatshop' campaigners, and the response of the International Labour Organisation and the World Bank."

Tags:globalisation, globilization, labor, trade, world, bank, multi-fibre, arrangement, third, world, china, world, trade, organisation, organikzation, wto