Abstract
This paper examines how we have recently seen an increase in the number of intra-state conflicts giving rise for a need for a new intervention agenda and how the traditional image of peacekeeping is one of the forms of intervention that the international community undertakes. It discusses the central elements of humanitarian intervention as well as the current challenges to international law that humanitarian intervention pose. It also considers the implications of the actions taken by the U.S. and U.K. in Iraq on international law.

From the Paper
"The United Kingdom and the United States would have to satisfy the test of proportionality, necessity and probability in order to be able to invoke a war against Iraq on the basis of pre-emptive self-defence. Given that there is no proof that Iraq was developing WMDs that would have the potential of de-stabilising international peace and security, the war against Iraq would violate any reasonable interpretation of either the Charter's limited provisions for self-defence exception or the customary law of pre-emptive self-defence."

Tags:iraq, law, wmd, peacekeeping, nato

Abstract
This paper explores the different ways in which al Queda terrorism shatters the key presuppositions of liberal democratic societies. It looks at how societies marked by the war on terror are likely to redefine citizenship and political community in ways antithetical to the maintenance of liberal democracy.

From the Paper
"The perpetual fear of arbitrary terrorist violence can only amplify these morbid sentiments and the disintegration of civic life which occurs in crime ridden areas offers an instructive example of the effects which free floating fear and anxiety can produce. Fear has an unmistakeably atomising logic, in such climates freedom, frequently conceptualised as a risk in itself, invariably loses ground to the imperative of security; Bigos description of the war on terror as a state of mind captures a very real dimension of it. Equally certain, however, are the profound institutional changes that accompany this change; the war on terrors implications for civil-military relations point towards a radical departure from the structure normally associated with constitutional states. US military planners have been somewhat more prescient than their civilian counterparts in drawing out the logic of this development, and the effects of the blurring boundaries between war-peace civilian-combatants were cogently laid out in the doctrine of Fourth Generation Warfare."

Tags:al, queda, fear, hobbes, liberty

Abstract
This paper examines how the success of a terrorist act depends on the nature of the terrorist activity and the aims of the organisation. It looks at how there have been a number of successes in terms of securing specific demands in the past such as 1970 'skyjacking' operation by the PFLP. In contrast, it also discusses how terrorism can be divisive and how it can engender the very opposite of what it sets out to do such as the 2005 London bombings. It looks at how a post 9/11 society is one that treats the threat of terrorism as a consequence of modern city living and how this is perhaps the ultimate irony of terrorism and the main reason why it could never be considered a reasonable military strategy. The more terrorist activity there is, the less political value it has. It concludes that terrorism is perhaps the only strategy that many disenfranchised groups have which may account for its constant presence on the global political stage.

From the Paper
"Terrorism shocks not merely through the use of physical violence but through the symbolic transgression of social morality and national security. Terrorism, as many commentators have suggested (Townshend, 2000; Laqueur, 1999; Chomsky, 2001 etc) goes right to heart of what makes us safe; it forces us to pay attention to it whether we want to nor not. The recent proliferation of video taped messages from leaders of suspected terrorist groups such as Al Qaeda is a testament to the symbol over the actual act of physical violent; there is nothing violent in the images of Osama bin Laden addressing the world through the Aljazeera television networks but it has tremendous symbolic presence - in a world that is dominated by media and communication technology, as Van der Veer and Munshi (2004) suggest, one of the major successes of modern terrorist organisations is their ability to use the resources of their enemies: the Internet, satellite television, mobile phones and the mass media."

Tags:osama, bin, laden, 9/11, london, violence, security

Abstract
The United States sends Israel about $3 billion in financial and military aid every year. Most Americans--60 to 70 percent--approve of U.S. support of Israel. Others argue that this foreign aid intensifies the tension between the United States and Arab countries, who believe that Israel should withdraw from territories that rightfully belong to Palestinians. This paper debates to what extent the United States should get involved with problems in the Middle East, including whether or not U.S. aid to Israel should continue.
Outline
The United States Must Wage a War Against Middle Eastern Terrorism
The United States Should Continue to Support Israel
The United States Should Go to War with Iraq
The United States Should Promote Democracy in the Middle East
The U.S. War on Terrorism is Unethical
The United States Should Stop Supporting Israel
The United States Should Not Go to War with Iraq

From the Paper
"According to Zunes, since its inception in 1948, Israel has proven a useful ally to the United States, especially during the Cold War. For instance, Israel's powerful military, the strongest in the region, keeps potential enemies of the United States--such as Syria, a Soviet ally during the Cold War--under control. In addition, Israel's numerous wars provided battlefield testing of American arms, often against Soviet weapons. Furthermore, Israel's intelligence department has helped U.S. intelligence agencies gather information and plan covert operations in the Middle East. Finally, Israel possesses an enormous nuclear arsenal and has collaborated with the United States on weapons research and manufacture. Zunes states that "U.S. foreign policy is motivated primarily to advance its own perceived strategic interests." "

Tags:israel, iraq, terrorism, 9/11, democracy, osama, bin, laden, saddam, hussein

Abstract
Our society needs and survives by information. The governments can rule and protect the flow of personal data when private sector is involved, but they cannot renounce to the decisive source of power of our society. The paper shows that the reduction of our right to be left alone was already an ongoing process. It discusses the forecast for a post-September 11 world, what the actual interaction between power, society and technology is, how privacy is threatened and what remains of our right to be left alone.

Table of Contents:

Introduction
Concept of Privacy
Governmental Surveillance
Authoritarianism and Technology
The Great Fear - Security Measures after September 11
The United States
Europe
Worldwide Scenario
Black Surveillance - Intelligence Actions and Projects
Surveillance Connection - Private & Public and The Global Database
The Daily Intrusion into the Average Man's Privacy
Protecting Privacy - Human Rights Advocates' Activity and Privacy-Enhancing Strategies
Conclusions

From the Paper
"Different resources can be used to find if our computers are running spyware software: spyware lookup databases, such as Spychecker , allow to check whether the free software we are about to download comes with spyware software; Ad Aware from Lavasoft is a free utility that scans the memory, registry and hard drive for spyware; OptOut of SpinRite is a free software that cleans the system registry of spyware.
Furthermore we can route our communications through anonymizers which are technology permitting to hide our identity on line. Among the different resources available Anonymizer is an anonymous browsing service and its technology blocks cookies, Java and JavaScript, encrypts cookies, email, and Web addresses in the user's browser history and conceals the user's identity while the user chats and browses the Internet. Other anonymizing tools are SuperProxy platform System from Lumeria and ZeroKnowledge Freedom WebSecure."

Tags:database, fbi, patriot, surveillance

Abstract
This essay discusses the motivations behind Bush's war on terror and the role the U.S. plays in a global war. The paper suggests that the 'war on terror' is not altruistic and that there are ulterior motives behind it and, in pursuing these goals, the actions of the U.S. government are not far removed from terrorism.

From the Paper
"September 11th 2001 was considered, by most, to be the day that the worst ever terrorist attack took place. Millions of people throughout the world watched as the media brought us live coverage of the events unfolding in New York, Washington and Pennsylvania. Our TV's were dominated with visions of people jumping from extreme heights in a desperate attempt for a chance of survival and then, with the eventual collapse of the twin towers of the World Trade Centre and the knowledge that thousands of lives had been taken right before our eyes. We heard the calls made by those on the flight that was brought down in Pennsylvania, as they phoned family members to say goodbye, aware that they were going to die. For most of us, this was the type of act that occurred in films and the only emotion that outweighed the shock was anger, as there appeared to be no reason for this atrocity. The sympathy of people all over the world went out to the Americans as the media coverage of the aftermath continued."

Tags:al, quaida, fear, regimes, funds, supports, trains, cruel, brutal, methods, counter-insurgency

Abstract
This paper examines how, in recent years, there has been much debate in the intelligence community relating to the balance between human intelligence (humint), and technical intelligence (techint), in satisfying a state's intelligence requirements. This paper addresses the argument from both sides and suggests that there has been an over reliance on techint in recent years, leading to inadequacies in intelligence gathering.

From the Paper
"The current debate, although not unique to the post 9/11 period, is certainly prevalent today, and has generally involved the advocates of techint in disagreement with those that suggest humint has been neglected as a result of this. Perhaps typical of those advocates is Turner (1985. p92. cited in Shulsky. p34. 2002), who states that 'One way or another, we should soon be able to keep track of most activities on the surface of the earth, day or night, good weather or bad.' As we shall see, the idea that one collection method is favoured over the other is not helpful to the ongoing debate on intelligence reform in the U.S. and that supporters of techint's superiority are misguided, perhaps because of what Emerson (2003. p2) describes as the 'American love affair with technology.' "

Tags:Humint, Techint, CIA, MI6, Mossad, 9/11

Abstract
This paper considers how the power and supremacy of the U.S. was threatened by the September 11th attacks and how the resulting 'war on terror' is simply revenge by the U.S. for threatening their status as a superpower. It outlines the events the occurred after the attacks and argues that the so-called, "war on terror" appears to be nothing more than a mission to re-assert the dominance of the U.S. over nations. It puts forward the stance that the attack on Afghanistan was unjust to hold a whole country responsible for the actions of one group.

From the Paper
"Bush portrayed his "war on terror" as a fight for freedom and justified his attack on Afghanistan by suggesting that ridding the country of Taliban rule and terrorist activity would free its citizens and benefit citizens all over the world. However, Hudson (2002) suggests that freedom of citizens is not at the forefront of US policy: "Human rights violations are likely to be ignored if they take place in a country that does not have any material or strategic importance to the US." (Scraton, 2002, p197). This issue is backed further by the sudden US acknowledgment of the suppression caused by the Taliban. Soon after the September 11 attacks Cherie Blair and Barbara Bush started lecturing the world about the suppression of women under Taliban rule."

Tags:9/11, taliban, afghanistan, al-qaida, osama, bin, laden

Abstract
This paper considers the thesis put forward by Samuel Huntington that the world can now best be described as divided into separate cultures and that future conflicts will occur between these different cultures. It examines what he considers the major civilizations of the world and gives six reasons why he believes that the most important conflicts of the future will occur along the cultural fault lines separating these civilizations from one another.

From the Paper
"His third argument is that as globalization to some extent separates peoples from their local identities, and weakens the nation state a source of identity, this gap is filled by religion, often quite extreme or fundamentalist in nature. George Weigel has noted that the "Unsecularisation of the world is one of the dominant social facts of life in the late twentieth century." The revival of religion, then, unites civilizations by providing a basis for identity that transcends state boundaries as the movements within western Christianity, Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism and most documented, Islam, attest to."

Tags:samuel, huntington, islam, war, globalization

Abstract
This paper focuses on the way counter terrorism and terrorism have changed since 9/11 and the growing role of the U.S. It also looks at the development of 'modern' terrorism and the possible consequences of the continuing War on Terror. It debates whether or not September 11th, 2001 can be seen as a day that changed the face of terrorism. It also discusses how since the invasion of Afghanistan, terrorist attacks have become more numerous and high profile although their basic purpose remains the same, to gain attention. It puts forward the view that what has changed about terrorism since 9/11 is the amount of media attention it now controls.

From the Paper
"As well as presenting a recent point of reference for terrorist activity, the conflicts in Palestine and Northern Ireland also show two different ways of dealing with the problem, certain aspects of which have been adopted by the United States. In the case of Britain and Northern Ireland, the conflict is one of territory and security for those who want British rule. In Palestine and Israel however, the situation is based purely on territory. This difference in the foundation for the terrorist action seems to have dictated the way in which terrorism has been dealt with. Because of the presence of British citizens in Northern Ireland, and the small section of society that is involved in the unrest , it has been British policy in recent years to try and settle the situation through political sanctions and increased security measures to prevent terrorism."

Tags:war, palestine, israel, ireland, afganistan