Abstract
This paper discusses the main reason why, in the early 1700s, British town planning seemed to diverge from that on the continent, even though a common heritage was present. The conclusion is a surprising amount of politics, national rivalry and religious differences that altered British building environment.

From the Paper
"Baroque design flourished on the continent between 1600 and 1750, particularly in Catholic countries. It tended to be expressive, flamboyant and encouraged by the Roman Catholic church (Hutchinson:2005). A Baroque designer would usually have had the support of a ruler and would therefore expect his development to be completed in its entirety, in contrast to events at the Royal Crescent in Bath, for example. The emergence of Baroque town planning in continental Europe is tied to the Renaissance, Reformation and subsequently the Counter-Reformation. Advances in science and the discovery of the New World provided the context for the creation of towns and cities that came to reflect the new wealth of the major European powers as well as the new cosmopolitanism of the ruling classes. "

Tags:london, planning

Abstract
In this article, the writer assesses the nature and characteristics of Victorian moral values. The primary values are highlighted and examined in turn. The work specifically shows, however, the extent to which such values were not equally applicable to all. The writer discusses that differing social, economic and legal conditions dictated that certain sections of Victorian society were removed from this system of values. As such, the writer maintains that it was the unequal nature of Victorian society that guided the extent to which individuals would adhere to the fundamental values of the day.

From the Paper
"However, although in principle such moral values were intended to equally apply to the full cross-section of Victorian society, practically this was impossible due to the extreme social, economic and legal conditions in which many people were forced to exist. On the one hand there existed a sincere willingness to instil a common public morality, but this was often contradicted by the very real poverty and statutory discrimination that was engrained into certain sections of Victorian society. A clear example of this disparity is provided with the issue of women. The two primary texts of analysis used here are Henry Mayhew's observations about the plight of London's needlewomen, published in the Morning Chronicle, 1849 and John Stuart Mill's work on The Subjugation of Women, 1869. Both provide validation to the claim that in many cases; economic, social and legal limitations dictated that Victorian women were simply unable to pursue the moral societal aims of their male counterparts. Each work is discussed individually."

Tags:social, conditions, poverty, discrimination

Abstract
This essay looks at why the Irish Home Rule bill was accepted in 1914, and why it was rejected earlier in both 1886 and 1893. The author discusses the political situation of the time in Britain and Ireland, examining closely the major people and parties involved and why they came to the decisions they arrived at.

From the Paper
"The issue of Home Rule and other Irish issues dominated British politics during the late 19th century and early 20th century, but the reason it was allowed to dominate was because the British parliament and population was not interested in Ireland, or solving its problems. Land Acts were passed, coercion failed and welfare support was slow and cumbersome, partly hampered by being a minority group, the Irish Nationalists were always going to find it hard to get the full benefits pushed through to advance Ireland further. In a parliament where the Tories were not interested in Irish issues and the Lords dominated by Tories, the only party Irish Nationalists could gain help from was the Liberals and they were split over the Irish Question."

Tags:britain, conservatives, gladstone, history, ireland, lords, nationalists, parnell, unionists

Abstract
This paper discusses the Great War brought on and the new weapons and instruments of destruction that prevailed. It also states the reasons why there were so many stalemates on the battlefield which led to a war of attrition and mass casualties. It also looks at the targeting of a whole nation's means and resources towards fighting a total war. This paper concludes that the war was so destructive because of the advancement in industry and weaponry, such as artillery, machine guns and chemical warfare.

From the Paper
"In this paper I plan to put forward the following points to show how the Great War was so destructive. I will look at the new weapons and instruments of destruction that prevailed during the war. The reasons why there were so many stalemates? on the battlefield, which led to a war of attrition and mass casualties. I will also look at the targeting of a whole nations means and resources towards fighting a total war."

Tags:World, War, I, Great, nations, destruction, 1915, weapons, casualties

Abstract
This paper examines how The ?Great Revolt? in England in the summer of 1381, though perhaps unexpected in its magnitude and diversity, was not a sudden or chance uprising but the product of a number of complicated and inter-related antagonisms. It looks at how, although the unreasonably high Poll Taxes of 1377, 1379 and 1380 were the principal triggers for revolt, there were other underlying roots of disorder, sown into English society in the first half of the fourteenth century. It explores the feudal state of England at the time, the decay of the tenant-serf relationship, the impacts of the 100 years war and the influence of Lollardy and the Wyclif movement as well as the state of the monarchy and the corruption within government in relation to the social and political grieviences of the bourgeoise.

From the Paper
"High taxation certainly inflamed the commons though to what extent this was out of desperation or anger is unclear. Interestingly, the first target of the Essex rebels under John Wrawe was the manor of Overhall - the property of hated financier Sir Richard Lyons. Further targeting of Archbishop Sudbury's fiscal officers occurred. Disturbances in Essex ended with the stoning of poll-tax commissioners; the house of John Cobat, a collector of the Poll Tax, was among the few to be attacked and looted in Ipswich and the prime occupation of the Suffolk rebels was the capture of Sir John Cavendish - the Chief Justice of the King's Bench and the new Chancellor of the University of Cambridge."

Tags:bourgeoise, lollardy, wyclif, poll, tax, war

Abstract
This paper discusses how the ?great quarrel? between King Henry II of England and Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, represents the most famous and well-documented church-state dispute in medieval England and how reasons for such eminence lie in its bloody and tragic end rather than in the quarrel itself. It contextualises the relationship between the medieval church and state by examining the nature of monarchial power and the religious dynamic of 12th century England. It examines the reasons for the dispute, the contemporary reaction to it and the repercussions.

From the Paper
"Before Beckets accession to Archbishop he enjoyed a great friendship with Henry. Becket's appointment thus came as a result of this acquaintance, rather than his ecclesiastical background. Indeed Beckets only clerical position - the Archdeaconry of Canterbury was of secular rather than ecclesiastical character. Furthermore, the reputation of Archdeacon's in the twelfth century was far from sound - "they were given to extortion and injustice" and Becket was reprimanded on more than one occasion . Conscious of the kings favouritism, combined with the thoroughness he attached to his jobs, it is possible that Becket set out to prove his ecclesiastical worth, having already proven his secular pedigree."

Tags:church, state, archbishop

Abstract
This paper looks at the impact of the Black Death and subsequent epidemics on the conditions of laborers, craftsmen and other peasants in late 14th century England. It examines how the Black Death meant a great deal of change for the peasant and laborer populations of England. It discusses how as well as increasing existing trends such as the leasing off of lords' lands. The plague had many effects in which the laborers and peasantry challenged the existing elites through issues such as increased wage demands and a widespread questioning of the power held by the Church.

From the Paper
"Trends among the conditions of the peasantry that are often attributed to the plague include an increase in the cost of labor that resulted in many landlords renting out their land for others to cultivate it rather than employing peasants to work on the land. Although, after the Plague it is clear that the number of peasants renting land from their lords increased, Myers suggests that Lords had began leasing demesnes before the black death because of an economic depression. Before the Black Death the growth of the population put a strain on resources and there was a slump in the economy. The Landlords increased the labor obligations of peasants in an effort to increase production."

Tags:disease, medieval, plague, lords, church, land

Abstract
This paper looks at how Gandhi used non-violence and peaceful protest as a weapon against British Imperial Rule throughout the early twentieth century. The paper looks at key events such as the Quit India protest, the two World Wars and the involvement of Irish nationalists. Gandhi's actions are considered within the global events that shaped Britian's ability to take action against Gandhi: Gandhi was not the only reason the British eventually left India!

From the Paper
"Throughout the ages mankind often instinctively turns to the use of violence to defeat an enemy. Violence is part and parcel of the culture of human beings. And yet one of the greatest freedom struggles in modern history was apparently won through the specific rejection of violence, and the active use of a policy of non-violence. That struggle was between the Indian independence movement and the British colonial administration. At the head of that independence movement was Mahatma Gandhi, a simple Indian who held no office or great wealth, and yet was able to unite a whole subcontinent against the British Empire. Not only that, but he did it in such a peaceful, virtuous way that he made the British question their own morals and eventually forced them out of India. This is the general version that is recorded in history. However, this version of events generally ignores the other forces that influenced the British to withdraw from the Empire in India. Here we will critically examine the view that the use of non-violence was the main reason for the ending of British rule in India, by examining the true organizational nature of non-violent civil disobedience and other events, British and global."

Tags:independence, Mohandas, Mahatma, Hindu, passive, resistance, campaigns, defense, Raja, Viceroy, Lord, Irwin, World, War, II

Abstract
The policy of appeasement, which both Britain and France took toward Nazi Germany and it?s expansionist aims during the late 1930s, is one of the most controversial and criticised foreign policies in history. The paper shows that appeasement policy has been given short shrift by historians and the public alike since the 1930s, with the general consensus being that if Britain and France would have taken a harder line against the Nazi?s then Hitler?s aggressive policy could have been checked. However, the view of appeasement has not been totally one sided. Many revisionist historians have arrived at the view that appeasement was necessary for both Britain and France as a way of buying time for rearmament so that they would militarily be able to oppose Nazi Germany. This essay looks closely at this viewpoint to correctly assess whether that was one of the chief aims of appeasement.

From the Paper
"Similarly the reoccupation of the Rhineland by Germany military forces in March of 1936 can be seen as the beginning of French appeasement towards the Nazis. When the Germans entered the demilitarised zone on the 7 March there was no response from the French military, even though they would have been quite within their right, under the terms of the Versailles Treaty to enter Germany and expel the troops back to the position stated in the Versailles Treaty. The French did not act because they were militarily too weak, indeed at this time they had a larger standing army than Germany, the main reasons were due to public opinion and incorrect information on the invading force. The incoming Germans numbered approximately 60,000, yet the Army General Staff reported to the French government that in addition to that figure there were further 235,000 paramilitaries."

Tags:Anglo-German, Naval, Pact, Hitler, Rhineland, Versailles, Treaty

Abstract
Using the presentation of London in 'Mrs Dalloway,' this essay argues that the advent of modernism had a profound effect on post-war Britain. Using many examples from the text, modernist notions of commercialism, Freudian theory, individuality and science, as well as traditional markers of religion and royalty are all encompassed.

From the Paper
"Set in 1923, Mrs Dalloway portrays a period of great social upheaval in England. For some it was an exciting, promising time: the war had been over for five years, and there was a feeling of exuberance in the nation. Modern forms of transport and commerce changed the very face of the country; and developments in social reform and the literary, scientific and arts worlds made people consider life in a different way. Others did not find this modernization so appealing, however; as England was bombarded with the "new", traditional values and the old order were challenged, enhancing the nation's sense of loss. Woolf employs London, the very heart of the country, as a metaphor to convey these contradictory feelings. The city is, therefore, used to represent the unstable mixture of optimism and fear rife in society at the time."

Tags:britain, city, modernism, post, war, commercialism, freud, individuality