Abstract
This paper examines how the period 1870-1910 saw a variety of changes in the relationship between Britain and the Boer Republics. It look at how, although initially there was much animosity between the two groups, the Boer republics were more dependent on the British to protect them from the Zulu tribe. It shows how several changes along this timescale resulted in a number of changes between the two and how a series of economic changes and long term desires to control created a transfer of priorities; Britain was desperately trying to strengthen their Empire to protect their trade and strategic positions, whilst the Boer republics wanted independence from the obstinate British government.

From the Paper
"In the latter period of the 19th century, the Political beliefs of the British Government centered around the expansion of the British Empire in South Africa to protect the Empire. By the 1890s, Rhodes had now expanded the British Rule ruthlessly, capturing Northern and Southern Rhodesia and making Nyasaland a British Protectorate. However, much of these political beliefs, including the desire for voting rights, served as reasons to not only strengthen the Empire but to protect the key trade and strategic posts from expanding powers, such as Germany. Source A explains that Britain wanted to establish "British power and influence over the Transvaal to advance the unification of the region within the British Empire". Thus it can be argued that political factors were created in order to maintain Britain's status as an empire strategically."

Tags:kruger, zulu, rhodesia, south

Abstract
Africa's population loss represents one of the great historical debates concerning the slave trade. The slave trade was certainly responsible for many deaths yet others such as disease, famine and warfare were endemic throughout all societies, including those on the Atlantic shores of Africa. This paper clarifies the importance of each factor in relation to the slave trade. Quantifying the population loss caused by the slave trade can only be achieved through the reliance on a number of variables and assumptions and thus even when achieved there may be inaccuracies. These are discussed and analyzed.

From the Paper
"The existence and the impact of the sub-Saharan slave trade are both undisputed by historians. Slaves were exported both east and west, to Asia and to the Americas. However, whilst many sources survive to illustrate the trade's actual existence, details of its numerical and demographic impact are scarce. Indeed, it is questionable as to whether or not they ever existed given the limited literacy rates and resources of sub-Saharan Africa over the last four hundred years. Africa's population loss represents one of the great historical debates concerning the slave trade Curtin has estimated that 9 million were exported form Africa, Walvin and Eltis put forward 12 million while Inikori suggests as many as 20 million people. Whilst the limited statistical evidence may act as a hindrance when quantifying the impact on Africa's population, it's the many unanswered and variable factors that have so disrupted historical reckoning."

Tags:death, pernambuco, asia, americas

Abstract
This paper examines how the banning and eventual abolishing of slavery in Africa had enormous social, political and economic impacts in both East and Western colonial states. It also looks at the development of wage-labor and the influence of abolition on plantations as well as the political effects felt in Brussels and the parliaments of Britain, Germany and Italy.

From the Paper
"Emancipated slaves created many social difficulties within East African communities. Slaves themselves, their owners, merchants, colonialists and family groups were all affected by the abolition. "Slaves were the major component of wealth of the indigenous property-owning classes of the East coast" and thus the abolition served to confuse many of the local hierarchies. Slaves often found the transition from slave to free-man difficult, particularly given that the condition of "free" demanded them to return to their kin group. Therefore whilst slaves who left their masters were independent, they fared little better than when en-slaved and many, wishing to return to their masters expressed disappointment at being unable to do so."

Tags:emancipation, labour, sultan, wage, zanzibar

Abstract
The paper focuses on the financial interests central to the advent of the Boer War and how this war impacted on British - Transvaal relations. It also looks at the role Britain had to play in the wider context of the Empire, and how the events that took place between 1886 - 1899 impacted on relations between British and other imperial powers, for example Denmark.

From the Paper
"In the 1890's, Captain C Ballard of the Norfolk regiment wrote ' I am afraid we are fighting chiefly for the benefit of a lot of money - grubbing Jews.' This highlights important contemporary conceptions about why the Boer war was being fought and what led to it in the first place. Both at the time and afterwards, many people on both sides felt that Rand capitalists had a worryingly large influence over events in the Transvaal and even Kruger himself. The most famous proponent of the economic, capitalist view of bad relations between the Transvaal and Britain was Hobson. He wrote that British expansion in general was due to 'financial pressure groups in the metropolis finding new fields of investment in order to combat under consumption and circumvent the resultant over - saturated money market in the home country.'"

Tags:beers, de, imperial, uitlanders, south, africa

Abstract
This paper looks at the production of social memory, using case studies from NE Africa. It seeks to examine the process through which social memory is created and the uses to which it is put. It traces the differences between narratives and historical tradition as embodied both in ritual and in objects and argues that one can discern a difference between the sense of history embodied in oral narrative, which can often shift quickly in response to the demands of the present and the sense of history present in habitus.

Outline
Memories, Spoken and Silent
Speaking History
Silent Memories
Practice

From the Paper
"To understand the myriad of uses people have for social memory, it is perhaps wise to consider the uses that anthropologists have put such social memory to in the past. Cunnison (1971), in his analysis of the problematic genealogy of the Baqqara belt, notes that one of the foremost tools of the anthropologist has been the construction of genealogical lists. These oral histories have enabled anthropologists to construct historical continuities and group categories. However, these lists best reflect the local political organisation. As groups move away, and strangers are incorporated, oral genealogies change to reflect the demands of the present. That is to say, while these lists are indeed useful, they are useful not in establishing categorical group lines that reassert a sense of timeless boundary, but in understanding the contemporary social being of truth - the requirements of organisation and politics at the time the oral genealogy is taken."

Tags:geneaology, refugee, tradition, sudan

Abstract
This essay argues that although the mining magnates had a significant part to play in the build up to the South African War (1899-1902), the underlying causes of the war were the respective governments of Britain and the Transvaal. The paper shows that Joseph Chamberlain, Alfred Milner and C.J. Rhodes may have all contributed, but the cause of the war was greater than the actions of individuals and was the result of regional rivalry and governmental policy.

From the Paper
"As with all the principal actors involved in Transvaal politics preceding the Boer War, the gold-mining magnates certainly had a part to play in its causes. Indeed, it would be a difficult task to attribute the Boer War to a single actor, as each of the main contributors played a significant role. Most histories instead attempt to single out the primary driving force behind the war. Since the end of the war different analyses have focused on different issues; the gold-mining magnates, the respective governments in London or Pretoria, the role of the Uitlanders, the individual actions of actors such as Kruger, Milner, Rhodes or Chamberlain, and international financiers. The problem with assigning too much significance to one of these actors is that none of them were in complete control of the situation, and all relied, at least in part, upon the actions of others. Nevertheless, solely naming the different factors achieves little; it is important to try to root out the principal force. Certainly, although it now seems unlikely that the gold-mining magnates were the primary cause of the Boer War, they played an important role, even after the Jameson Raid in 1895."

Tags:jameson, transvaal, uitlanders, kruger

Abstract
This paper examines the legacy of 18th century racist colonial ideology, and how this evolved into a justification for genocide two centuries later. It looks at the origins of this ideology, and the way it was used, first by Europeans and then by Rwandans themselves, and how it finally created the basis for segregation, racism and the murder of 100,000 Tutsi's. Central to the work is the argument that this racist ideology was imposed upon the citizens of Rwanda by the colonial powers, and in turn this ideology was used as justification for the atrocities committed in 1994.

Outline:
Introduction
Chapter One : Creating Political Identities From Hutu and Tutsi
Chapter 2: The Impact of the Structure of Colonial Administration
Chapter Three: The Legacy of Colonial Rule up to and After Independence
Conclusions

From the Paper
"The Tutsi-led RPF (Rwandan Patriotic Front) invaded Rwanda from Uganda in 1990, demanding the right of return for Tutsi exiles, as well as the end to President Habyarimana's single party regime. This forced the international community, who had for long ignored the plight of Rwanda, to commit to a programme of democratisation within the country. The powerful elite, frightened for their political and material position, settled on a genocide to solve the 'problem' of democracy. The extremists used a propaganda campaign to incite the population to murder, and when the President's plane was shot down on 9th April 1994, the massacres followed immediately."

Tags:Hutu, Tutsi, Belgium, Rwandan, Patriotic, Front, Habyarimana, Social, Darwinist, Hamitic, Hypothesis

Abstract
This paper discusses how throughout the 1950s, the government of South Africa passed extensive legislation in an attempt to suppress the African population and ensure the dominance of white South Africans. In order to evaluate the success of government attempts to stifle black interests, it considers the impact of legislation passed during the 1950s. More specifically, the paper analyzes legislation regarding social, political and economic factors. It considers the impact of legislation relating to relationships between the different racial groups and government attempts to control the education of African children. The paper also analyzes the success of the government's attempts to protect the industrial interests of white workers by limiting the employment opportunities available to Africans.

From the Paper
"The restriction of black economic interests also played a key role in Government attempts to ensure white dominance. The Government's influx control policies were closely linked to economic factors; Posel contends that the Native Affairs Department viewed its influx control strategy as a method of 'rational' distribution of African labour between the cities and white farms. Verwoerd claimed that in the long-term apartheid required 'purposeful and deliberate economic segregation, not only by means of colour bars in regard to Bantu labour in white areas. But also by mechanisation of all labour activity to such an extent that the need for Bantu labour be reduced to a minimum' (Barnard, 'Thirteen Years', page 40). Beinart claims that the apartheid planners attempted to protect the interests of white workers and control the position of Africans in the labour market."

Tags:Apartheid, Influx, Contol, Bantu, Education, Group, Areas, Act, Population, control

Abstract
The paper examines the impact of the constitution as defined by L. Thompson's four main points in "A History of South Africa". The paper also discusses events leading up to, and which influenced the creation of the constitution. It looks at the creation of a political system and the containing and regulating of the different racial groups through the Franchise laws. Additionally, the paper examines the attempt to protect the interests of the Afrikaners and English through the adoption of English and Dutch as the official languages. The impact and effectiveness of these points is also considered through evaluation of later legislation.

From the Paper
"The Constitution contained four key principals, which were designed to regulate and control the interests of the main racial groups within South Africa. The first major principal was concerned with the establishment of a political system based on the British model, therefore creating a unitary state with parliamentary sovereignty. The once independent states of the cape Colony, the Transvaal, Orange Free State and Natal became provinces within the Union of South Africa. Each province had its own local government; however central government had legal supremacy over all local institutions. As in Great Britain, the executive was directly responsible to a majority in the lower house, known as the House of Assembly. "

Tags:Apartheid, racist, legislation, Afrikaners

Abstract
This paper takes a wide-ranging look at human rights around the world today, showing the key themes and issues currently affecting the international community. The introduction explains key terms necessary for the paper and gives a history of the development of human rights. The paper focuses on South Africa as a case-study (though numerous other examples are cited where applicable). South Africa is used as an example of a developing country whose human rights issues have been identified internally by the South African government as well as externally by the international community and then acted upon to some degree of success.

From the Paper
""Human rights" are rights that all humans are entitled to such as the right to live, the right to liberty, the right to freedom of expression and the right to equality within society. "Civil rights" and "civil liberties" refer to the guarantees that a state may make to its citizens and are offered in addition to one's basic human rights. Perhaps the best quantification of human rights (and the mostly widely accepted) is the United Nations' Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Although the UN's Declaration is over half a century old and has been savagely criticized at times it still serves as a useful guide to general ideals of human rights."

Tags:apartheid, declaration, mandela, nelson, united, nations