Abstract
This essay compares the works of Herodotus and Thucydides, and the way in which Herodotus influenced Thucydides' own views on the writing of history. It examines differences in their language, the importance attributed to the supernatural, their views on historical causation and their use of sources.

From the Paper
"Herodotus' Histories earned him the title of "The Father of History", the first person ever to investigate historical causation without paying too much homage to divine influence. Roughly twenty-five years later, Thucydides' The Peloponnesian War continued Herodotus' history, taking up from the moment Histories ends."

Tags:athens, greece, greek, histories, peloponnesian

Abstract
This paper debates whether the Emperor Constantine can be considered a true Christian Emperor, or whether he was a Roman Emperor who adopted aspects of Christianity. In particular, it looks at his political needs and his establishment of the Senate and other institutions at Constantinople. It also examines his supposed conversion and whether it an be considered genuine or not.

From the Paper
"The principal primary sources we have for the life of Constantine are Eusebius' Vita Constantina, the writings of Lactantius, and the various edicts which Constantine himself put forward. These sources should be looked at in the context of Christianity and the tradition of Roman historical writing. Since Christianity was a new development, the roman historical traditions were still being taught to bishops and prominent Christian writers. In this tradition the agenda of the writer was exceptionally important; the writer's opinions affected most strongly what would be written down. Eusebius is no exception. 'I would be ashamed of myself if I did not put together what I can, little though it be and poor, for the one who out of his extraordinary devotion to God honoured us all.' Eusebius describes his ultimate goal of honouring Constantine, and throughout the book he commends Constantine highly as a Christian Emperor. "

Tags:bridge, eusebius, milvian, nicaea, paganism, senate

Abstract
In this paper the writer puts forward the reasons that account for the growth in Perestroika, such as the economic decline and social despair suffered by the populations of Russia and the countries of Communist Eastern Europe. It also looks at the man who was responsible for the introduction of Perestroika, Mikhail Gorbachev and why he wanted to introduce Perestroika.

From the Paper
"The Soviet Union and its satellite countries were on a continual downward spiral from the late 50's and 60's. Ruled from Moscow, the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe was suffering a very poor economy and social conditions such as housing, welfare and food supply. Leonid Brezhnev, who became Secretary General of the Soviet Communist Party in 1964, reinforced the strict regime of communism. All private ownership in Russia was ended, a mass programme of industrialization was started and the Soviet military strength was significantly enhanced."

Tags:cold war, Eastern Europe, Glasnost, Gorbachev, Perestroika, Russia, Soviet Union

Abstract
This essay argues that at the beginning of the Social War, the Italian states only sought citizenship; it was Rome's stubbornness to grant citizenship which encouraged the Italian states to increase their aims and seek complete independence. It explores the contrasting viewpoints of the two main sources of the time, Appian and Posidonius.

From the Paper
"The outbreak of war between Rome and her Italian allies was due to a build-up of tensions caused by Rome's refusal to treat the Italian states as her equals. Willing allies at the end of the third century, a gradual cultural assimilation of the Roman and Italian peoples suggested that a social and political assimilation would follow. The building of roads, the creation of Roman colonies and joint military service had seen cultural distinctions between the Italians and Romans decrease. Indeed, Latin had become a universal language in Italy to such an extent that a large proportion of Latin poets were of Italian heritage. Eventually, this assimilation was recognized by Rome, to the extent that in the early second century Arpinum, Formiae, Fundi and other cities received promotion from the status of half-citizenship to full. However, this process was not continued, and many Italians began to resent the refusal of Rome to treat them as equal citizens. The list of grievances was long, and grew over time. Italians had to provide troops for the Roman army, yet received an unequal proportion of the war-booty, even though in the second century Rome's allies would provide more than half of her troops. Italian armies were further restricted from plundering foreign lands themselves. Italians were part governed by a democratic state, yet could not partake in the democratic process, as suffrage was restricted to those with full-citizenship. Romans, unlike her allies, could appeal arbitrary justice. Italians who had settled in Rome and had acquired citizenship caused a major drop in population in many Latin cities, yet they still had to provide the same number of troops for the army. In 187 and 177 Rome enforced the repatriation of thousands of Italians to solve this problem; this served to antagonize many Italians further, as their rights as citizens were suddenly revoked. The Italian aristocracy were aggrieved as their powers over their own people were restricted, and subjugated to the rule of Rome. Over a period of time, these grievances would formulate into a general appeal for the granting of full-citizenship to Rome's Italian allies."

Tags:drusus, empire, flaccus, gaius, gracchus, King, Mithridates, of, Pontus

Abstract
This paper looks at how Gandhi used non-violence and peaceful protest as a weapon against British Imperial Rule throughout the early twentieth century. The paper looks at key events such as the Quit India protest, the two World Wars and the involvement of Irish nationalists. Gandhi's actions are considered within the global events that shaped Britian's ability to take action against Gandhi: Gandhi was not the only reason the British eventually left India!

From the Paper
"Throughout the ages mankind often instinctively turns to the use of violence to defeat an enemy. Violence is part and parcel of the culture of human beings. And yet one of the greatest freedom struggles in modern history was apparently won through the specific rejection of violence, and the active use of a policy of non-violence. That struggle was between the Indian independence movement and the British colonial administration. At the head of that independence movement was Mahatma Gandhi, a simple Indian who held no office or great wealth, and yet was able to unite a whole subcontinent against the British Empire. Not only that, but he did it in such a peaceful, virtuous way that he made the British question their own morals and eventually forced them out of India. This is the general version that is recorded in history. However, this version of events generally ignores the other forces that influenced the British to withdraw from the Empire in India. Here we will critically examine the view that the use of non-violence was the main reason for the ending of British rule in India, by examining the true organizational nature of non-violent civil disobedience and other events, British and global."

Tags:independence, Mohandas, Mahatma, Hindu, passive, resistance, campaigns, defense, Raja, Viceroy, Lord, Irwin, World, War, II

Abstract
This paper looks at the impact of the Black Death and subsequent epidemics on the conditions of laborers, craftsmen and other peasants in late 14th century England. It examines how the Black Death meant a great deal of change for the peasant and laborer populations of England. It discusses how as well as increasing existing trends such as the leasing off of lords' lands. The plague had many effects in which the laborers and peasantry challenged the existing elites through issues such as increased wage demands and a widespread questioning of the power held by the Church.

From the Paper
"Trends among the conditions of the peasantry that are often attributed to the plague include an increase in the cost of labor that resulted in many landlords renting out their land for others to cultivate it rather than employing peasants to work on the land. Although, after the Plague it is clear that the number of peasants renting land from their lords increased, Myers suggests that Lords had began leasing demesnes before the black death because of an economic depression. Before the Black Death the growth of the population put a strain on resources and there was a slump in the economy. The Landlords increased the labor obligations of peasants in an effort to increase production."

Tags:disease, medieval, plague, lords, church, land

Abstract
This essay examines the role of women and motherhood during the 1930?s, when the Nazi regime took over Germany. It takes a hard look at the views and opinions about women by the leaders of the Nazi regime.

From the Paper
"The Nazi regime's views of what a woman's role should be and what they actually were, were very different. A woman's place was in the home, looking after her husband, her home, and most importantly, her children. The Nazi ideology saw women as inferior to men, a woman should be at home and having children, "Kinder, Kirche, Kuche". Goebbels said "a woman's primary, rightful, and appropriate place is in the family, and the most wonderful task that she can perform is to present her country and people with children."[i] The image of marriage and motherhood was sold not only as a benefit to the individual and family but also an obligation to the state. The regime believed in this so much that women could apply for marriage loans, where a woman who was getting married could apply for a marriage loan, on the proviso that she left the job market. "

Tags:germany, history, hitler, motherhood, nazi, roles, homemaker, women, marriage, ideology

Abstract
This paper examines the strengths of Soviet organization, as well as the weakness of the Whites, who were backed by western intervention. The paper looks at measures taken, such as "War Communism" used to supply food to the army and the ruthless structure of communist forces, which lead to the Bolshevik victory in the Russian Civil War.

From the Paper
"In 1917 Lenin and the Bolsheviks, known as the Communists or Reds, had seized control over Petrograd and Moscow quite easily. However, they controlled only part of Russia and many groups opposed them. Could they hang on to power? The Mensheviks, Social Revolutionaries and supporters of the Tsar said they had no right to rule. Collectively, these opponents became known as the Whites. The Whites were opposed to the Reds for two main reasons: they seized the land, property and factories of the well off and they attacked religious beliefs. By the end of 1918 civil war had broken out in Russia between the Whites and the Reds. The Whites were supported from abroad by the Allies; Britain, France, the USA and Japan. The Allies opposed Lenin in retaliation for his Brest-Litovsk peace treaty with Germany in March 1918. They had also lost capital and property as the Reds refused to repay loans which had been made to the Tsar's government, and had nationalized foreign owned businesses' in Russia without compensation. Yet, despite a large number of anti-Bolshevik groups within Russia, who were backed by the most powerful countries in the world, the Bolsheviks did eventually win the Russian Civil War. But why?"

Tags:civil, communist, lenin, russia, trotsky, war, bolshevik, economic, political, military

Abstract
Using the presentation of London in 'Mrs Dalloway,' this essay argues that the advent of modernism had a profound effect on post-war Britain. Using many examples from the text, modernist notions of commercialism, Freudian theory, individuality and science, as well as traditional markers of religion and royalty are all encompassed.

From the Paper
"Set in 1923, Mrs Dalloway portrays a period of great social upheaval in England. For some it was an exciting, promising time: the war had been over for five years, and there was a feeling of exuberance in the nation. Modern forms of transport and commerce changed the very face of the country; and developments in social reform and the literary, scientific and arts worlds made people consider life in a different way. Others did not find this modernization so appealing, however; as England was bombarded with the "new", traditional values and the old order were challenged, enhancing the nation's sense of loss. Woolf employs London, the very heart of the country, as a metaphor to convey these contradictory feelings. The city is, therefore, used to represent the unstable mixture of optimism and fear rife in society at the time."

Tags:britain, city, modernism, post, war, commercialism, freud, individuality

Abstract
The paper examines the reconstruction of family composition in 17th and 18th centuries by historian, P. Laslett in his book "The World We Have Lost". It explores why some theories such as the late age of first marriage that was apparently unique to pre-modern Europe, have not been challenged, while others, such as the notion of a stable nuclear pattern, have been disputed at length.

From the Paper
"Because early modern Europe was principally a rural and class-based society, the family structure during this era was highly reliant upon on social rank. When there was land and money at stake, marriage within the same social class was paramount. The poor were also limited to marrying within their social class, but had a larger pool of potential mates from which to choose. This was a time in history in which two-generation households, rather than three-generation households, were customary. The oldest members of the household traditionally bestowed any holdings they had to the next generation upon retirement, and remained in close proximity to the family. The close support that existed between relatives living in separate but neighboring homes makes it difficult to distinguish whether the independent nuclear family was the basic family unit during this time, or whether it was actually the extended family (Laslett, 1984)."

Tags:18th, 19th, Weber, Karl, Marx, Western