Abstract
This paper describes how and why the global human population has become unevenly distributed essentially due to the constraints of the physical geography of the world. It includes reasons such as climatic conditions, local relief, availability of resources and fertility of the land. The paper includes many statistical examples and referenced diagrams.

From the Paper
"With the population of the world now standing at 6,214,891,000 people, the distribution of them around the globe is increasingly becoming an issue. In some countries population densities are becoming almost unsustainable. For example, Bangladesh now has 2,043 people per square mile, and with the global population growing 79 million people per year, it is likely that this overcrowding is likely to continue, with severe strain resulting on the natural environment. However, the total land area of the world is 148,940,000 square kilometers, which means that if the population of the world were to be entirely evenly distributed then the population density on average would stand at 42 people per square kilometer. Therefore, even from these simple calculations, when compared to the population density of Bangladesh, it is clear that it is the uneven population distribution that has caused this large range in the population densities around the world."

Tags:Amazon, basin, urbanization, demographics

Abstract
Post-Modernism is a relatively new movement that has shaped many different academic fields and human geography is no exception. This paper examines how postmodernism has affected approaches to urban planning, highlighting differences between postmodernism and modernism. The nature of the postmodern turn is explored and indeed the very plausibility of the movement is questioned in the context of contemporary human geography.

From the Paper
"Manifestations of postmodernism in forms of art, architecture, literature and geography are visible in the world today. The often abstract, chaotic, intangible buildings such as the Guggenheim museum in Bilbao and the Disney Hall in L.A. prove that the condition exists and is practised on a global scale, at least in the architectural discipline. Postmodern expressions in geography are diverse. Its influence in the city is probably the most commonly cited, in particular its impact on urban design and planning. Postmodernism departs radically from modernist conceptions of how to regard space: postmodernists regard space as "something independent and autonomous, to be shaped according to aesthetic aims and principles which have nothing necessarily to do with any overarching social objective, save, perhaps [...] beauty as an objective in itself" (Harvey 1989, p.66). "

Tags:planning, urban

Abstract
The recent Government drive to integrate information communication technology (ICT) into compulsory education has lead to much activity in schools. It is the purpose of this paper to investigate how far and how effectively ICT is currently being used within geography teaching and to establish the key issues that effect ICT being included within the geography classroom at key stage 3.

Outline
Key Issues Concerning the Use of ICT in Geography at KS 3
The Role and Benefits of ICT in Geography
Ideas for Promoting Better Use of ICT in the Geography Classroom

From the Paper
"The speed and automatic function of ICT, offers a number of advantages to teachers of Secondary Geography. It can for example enable the drawing of graphs, so that pupils can observe change, e.g. variations between seasons or variations of weather in temperate and tropical countries, or so that pupils can compare similar elements in data between contrasting localities, e.g. comparing bus services in rural and urban areas in the UK. Data can be sensed and stored automatically, so that monthly and seasonal patterns can be graphed from daily readings at a later date."

Tags:keystage, pupils, software, teachers

Abstract
Assessment is a strong component on the agenda for all the major political parties in Britain as a result of the discourse of the 'failing schools' and the notion of promoting equal opportunities in and through education. The purpose of this paper is to discover if the following factors have a detrimental effect on assessment in the geography classroom: Selection, maintaining standards, motivation, accountability, comparison, certification, feed back for students, parents and teachers, preparation for life, social control and curriculum control.

Outline
What is Assessment
Assessment and Raising Standards of Attainment Within Schools
Rationale
Assigning Levels
Evaluation and Analysis

From the Paper
"Balderstone and Lambert (1992) argue that we need two types of evidence for effective assessment: teacher evidence- which consists of observations, records and notes; and pupils evidence- which comes in many forms: written evidence (reports, notes, diaries, questionnaires, stories, essays, newspaper articles, short answer questions, multiple choice questions); Oral evidence (questioning, discussions, interviews, sequencing, role play, pupil presentations, tapes, video recordings, debates); Geographical evidence (maps, drawings, graphs, print-out, photographs); and Products (models, artefacts)."

Tags:curriculum, departments, education, levels

Abstract
This paper looks at experiences in providing basic services, such as transport, water and sewerage to the urban poor in the developing world. It looks at the various ways in which urban authorities attempt to raise funds for improvements, such as privatization versus state ownership. The emphasis these days is on 'participation' by local people in the provision of services that they benefit from. Examples are given of public, private and participatory provision of essential services.

From the Paper
"One of the most significant of all postwar demographic phenomena and the one that will be of major concern in the future is the rapid growth of cities in developing countries. The developing world is being transformed from a world of villages to a world of towns and cities. In 1960 less than 22% of the population of low and middle income countries was urban. By 2020 it is estimated that more than half of the population of developing countries will be urban (World Bank: 1995). This enormous growth over the past fifty years has and will continue to place enormous strain on the infrastructure and general services within developed countries. Former World Bank President Robert McNamara expressed his scepticism that huge urban agglomerations could be made to work at all: "These sizes are such that any economies of location are dwarfed by costs of congestion. The rapid population growth that has produced them will have far outpaced the growth of human and physical infrastructure needed for even moderately efficient economic life and orderly political and social relationships, let alone amenity for their residents" (Todaro: 1997: 8). Research increasingly suggests that the problem is not just a lack of resources, but that the resources available are used inefficiently. Here we will discuss experience of infrastructure provision under various systems of administration and planning."

Tags:infrastructure, issues, problems, provision, public, service, services, urban, world, bank, poverty, developing, world, urban, management

Abstract
This paper discusses trade liberalisation and its alternatives in relation to global development, particularly in the third world. It deals with both the theoretical nature of the free market, as well as its failings in the real world.

Outline
Development and Dependency
Modern Anti-Liberalism
Alternatives to Trade Liberalisation
Conclusions

From the Paper
"To fully understand the concept of trade liberalisation, it is first necessary to understand its alternatives - protectionism and interventionism. Protectionism is defined as 'the actions of a government to help its country's trade or industry by taxing goods bought from other countries' (Cambridge Dictionary, 2004). The theories behind this concept are ancient and allow for domestic industries to thrive where foreign products act as a threat. It also allows for taxes to be raised and the importation of undesirable goods to be restricted. Interventionism, as well as including the use of protection tariffs, is the more complex system of intervening in industry - for example, setting quotas, and import and export restrictions."

Tags:bank, bretton, economics, fair, free, imf, liberalisation, liberalization, third, trade, woods, world

Abstract
This paper first explains that a country of the south is defined as a country in the southern hemisphere that does not reach the standards considered as acceptable by more developed countries typically of the north. Next, the author reveals many factors based on the Human Development Index (HDI) , which indicate that Brazil remains in many ways still a country of the south. However, the paper concludes that Brazil has developed certain distinctions, especially in the area of economics, which indicate that it is reaching the level of development of a northern country and that it has an ever-growing importance in world politics.

Table of Contents:
Brazil as a Country of the South
Human Development Index
Poverty and Hunger
Inequality
Health and Sanitation
Children's Rights
Demographics
Urbanization
Crime
The Environment
Industrial Profile
Brazil as an Emerging Country
Debt
Economic Power
Political Regime
Domestic Programs
Industrialization

From the Paper
"The first indications of a country of the South that are pinpointed by media and analysts often revolve around quality of life. In effect, most developed countries pride themselves on the relatively clean, safe environments that the majority of their population live in. The Human Development Index was conceived by such nations in order to measure and compare how the wealth produced is being distributed throughout countries and for what benefit. In 2009, Brazil's HDI was ranked 75th in the world according to the United Nations Development program."

Tags:poverty health children, industrial capacity, environment

Abstract
This paper describes two of the biggest problems facing Bombay (Mumbai) today. Massive population growth has led to high levels of overcrowding and poor health conditions as a result. There are also huge problems in providing adequate infrastructure as a result of this population growth, made worse by the unique geography of Bombay. The essay then describes the solution that is being implemented: the creation of a new 'growth pole': New Bombay a few miles away.

From the Paper
"The City of Bombay is located on the west coast of India and is one of the largest cities in the world. It is a good example of the kind of dramatic growth that has affected many developing countries in the past 50 years. But this was not always so. Bombay in the mid 17th century consisted of 7 small islands off the west coast of India. The area was surrounded by marshy land, had almost no fertile soil and was inhabited mainly be fishermen. There was no important trade and no resources and thus very little economic activity. But by the end of the 20th Century Bombay had become one of the biggest metropolitan areas in the world with around 15 million inhabitants. Bombay is India's most important port, busiest airport, has the highest concentration of industry, and the most multinational corporations in South East Asia. Why did this dramatic change occur and what have been the resulting negative impacts? To answer these questions it is worth looking at the history of Bombay briefly to understand the background to Bombay's problems, before investigating further two urban problems that Bombay faces and the solutions put forward."

Tags:India, Portuguese, Mughal, Empire, Central, Business, District, CIDCO

Abstract
This paper examines how the process that has come to be known as globalization, i.e., the progressively greater influence being exerted by worldwide economic, social and cultural processes over national ones is clearly leaving its mark on the world of today. It looks at how it is not a new process, how its historical roots run deep and how the dramatic changes in terms of space and time being brought about by the communications and information revolution represents a qualitative break with the past.

From the Paper
"The sociologist Anthony Giddens, defines globalization as a decoupling of space and time, emphasizing that with instantaneous communications, knowledge and culture can be shared around the world simultaneously (www.globalisationguide.org), while a Dutch academic who maintains a good website on globalization (http://globalisation.kub.nl/RuudLubbers), defines it as a process in which geographic distance becomes a factor of diminishing importance in the establishment and maintenance of cross-border economic, political and socio-cultural relations. Left critics of globalization define the word quite differently, presenting it as worldwide drive toward a globalized economic system, dominated by supranational corporate trade and banking institutions that are not accountable to democratic processes or national governments."

Tags:communications, information, revolution

Abstract
This paper discusses the main reason why, in the early 1700s, British town planning seemed to diverge from that on the continent, even though a common heritage was present. The conclusion is a surprising amount of politics, national rivalry and religious differences that altered British building environment.

From the Paper
"Baroque design flourished on the continent between 1600 and 1750, particularly in Catholic countries. It tended to be expressive, flamboyant and encouraged by the Roman Catholic church (Hutchinson:2005). A Baroque designer would usually have had the support of a ruler and would therefore expect his development to be completed in its entirety, in contrast to events at the Royal Crescent in Bath, for example. The emergence of Baroque town planning in continental Europe is tied to the Renaissance, Reformation and subsequently the Counter-Reformation. Advances in science and the discovery of the New World provided the context for the creation of towns and cities that came to reflect the new wealth of the major European powers as well as the new cosmopolitanism of the ruling classes. "

Tags:london, planning