Abstract
This paper explores the differences in verbal and nonverbal communication between men and women. It explains the roots of these differences and how to alleviate the gender communication crisis.

From the Paper
"Do you ever wonder if men and women inhabit different planets? Can men and women be categorized into separate semantic types? Almost everyone would acknowledge that men and women have differences in the way they communicate. The question is: how different are they? Are they so different that the two groups are necessarily polarized to extreme ends of the communication spectrum? This question continues to baffle psychologists, relationship experts and the general public. Some would say that the differences are so minute that the issue is not worth debating. On the other side of the fence, the belief is that these differences are too great that men and women can indeed be confined to opposite poles. John Gray, author of the best-selling book, Men are from Mars, Women are From Venus certainly believes in the latter. According to Gray, men and women are so different in the way they communicate that it is only logical to believe that they originate from entirely different planets (Gray 5)."

Tags:men, nonverbal, sex, talk, verbal, women

From the Paper
"Michel Foucault, in The History of Sexuality, can definitely be considered a feminist, if one sees feminism as a search for truth about human nature, relationships, and the role and function of power in defining one's identity (including one's sexuality). Foucault argues that since the eighteenth century Western civilization has increasingly become obsessed with talking and thinking about sex as a subject, rather than partaking of "bodies and pleasures" (157). Feminism certainly posits that a woman to be authentically alive must overcome alienation from her body, whether that alienation is imposed upon her by an individual male or by "power" as it is exercised by the entire structure of society. This generalized sense of power is what Foucault posits as the controlling force behind the history of sexuality and the accompanying increase in public discourse ..."

Abstract
There are differences between aggression in men and women, which may have a biological basis, but are also tempered by psychological parameters and socialization issues. The paper shows that in animals, aggression is usually studied in terms of behavior alone, but in humans aggression encompasses the intention to harm another person, some form of behavior carried out as a result of this intention, and an emotion which can be anything from mere irritation to outright rage. While there are no clear statistics available, males usually tend to be more aggressive than females in terms of physical and verbal aggression. The paper shows that a still unanswered question is how much of this difference is biological and how much is psychological. Differences are not only found between genders, but also with age and education (aggression decreasing with increasing age and education level), and between different ethnic groups.

From the Paper
"While biological theories propose that there is a chemical basis for the differences in aggressiveness between males and females, psychological theories propose that aggressiveness is a learned response rather than an innate one. Although genetic makeup may give someone a propensity for aggressive tendencies, these tendencies can be positively or negatively affected by socialization and environmental influences (Colt and Kuehn, 1998). It has been shown by many studies that females exhibit less physical aggression than males from infancy onward (Fishbein, 1992). They are less inclined to explore and engage in less rough and tumble play than boys do. Females are raised differently than males, and this is in part responsible for suppressing aggressive tendencies in females."

Tags:genes, norepinephrine, serotonin, testosterone

Abstract
This paper positively reviews this non-fictional account of a boy raised as a girl after his parents were advised to do so by a medical doctor. The paper summarizes the life story of the child as reported in the book and talks about the book's successful treatment of issues regarding scientific arrogance within the medical treatment, sexuality, and gender identity.

From the Paper
"We tend to think about sexuality as being about biology (as, of course, in some rather obvious ways it is) and not go beyond the physical mechanics of sex when we are thinking about what it means to be a sexual being. But sexuality is perhaps as much about cultural mores and habits as it is about genetics, as John Colapinto's As Nature Made Him : The Boy Who Was Raised As a Girl (HarperCollins, 2000) examines. The book is a well written, thoughtful analysis of how individuals come to see themselves as possessed of sexual identities, and the process through which each individual learns to negotiate his or her identity as an amalgam of personal and social desires. The book is at its heart an impassioned story of how sexuality and sexual identity are at the very core of who each person comes to be as an adult, and how sexuality must be understood to be a fundamental and pervasive aspect of our sense of ourselves, not just what it is we do in bed."

Tags:aberrant, practices, normal, threatening, tragedy, botched, circumcision, infant

Abstract
This paper is about the role of nature and nurture in gender development. The author examines aspects such as socialization and biological traits that impact on a child's gender development.

From the Paper
"Gender is defined as the differences in traits and behaviors that males and females are presumed to have. In childhood years, gender is a large part of life. At a young age, children begin to establish their gender identity, or perceptions of themselves as masculine or feminine. They begin to establish roles that coincide with their gender. A girl for example may learn to cook and clean. On the other hand, a boy may learn to fight or play sports. The gender development children go through during the young ages is a discerning factor in the rest of their life. Both nature and nurture contribute to this development."

Tags:psychology

Abstract
Despite being written over 200 years apart, "A Father's Legacy to his Daughters" and "Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus" both have a similar agenda - to advise women on how to be more desirable to men. This paper explores exactly how and why this effect is attained and how the consequence of such advice constructs a 'natural' woman who, paradoxically, changes through history to suit the needs of the cultural moment. Finally, the paper refers to Thomas Lacqueur's "Making Sex" to make sense of this cultural phenomenon.

From the Paper
"In today's more enlightened era, we may expect the 'natural' woman to have been purged from conduct literature. On the contrary, Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus, published over two hundred years later than A Father's Legacy, continues to attribute women's behavior to nature, for example, 'an instinctive need to talk about what's bothering them' . His implication here that the female stereotype has evolved according to the needs of survival is characteristic of the pseudo-scientific evidence often cited in conduct literature. In reality it is completely unfounded, and, what is more, highly improbable. In his space travel analogy, he makes an even more surprising claim: 'though from different worlds, they [men and women] reveled in their differences' (p. 9)."

Tags:advice, female, feminine, femininity, male, masculine, masculinity, sex, theory

Abstract
This paper endeavours to examine the newly enacted Gender Recognition Act 2004 and the reasoning behind Parliament's hurried reaction to a small body of case-law, whose terms of reference concentrate on the issue of obviating transsexual discrimination and promoting pluralism. It probes the doctrine of legal plurality and considers whether it promotes the campaign of transgender equality or if the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) is simply an advocate for such an ideal. In order for this hypothesis to be discussed in significant depth, it also explores various academic conferences and looks at basic provisions of the Gender Recognition Act.
Outline
Introduction
Transsexualism and the European Convention on Human Rights
The Introduction of the Gender Recognition Act 2004
The Doctrine of Legal Pluralism and its Influences
Conclusion

From the Paper
"There is much evidence which suggests that the Gender Recognition Act 2004 was introduced as a direct result of Goodwin and by recommendation of Bellinger. Despite the pressures that Parliament was faced with, the Minister for Constitutional Affairs has openly recognised that the Act aims to celebrate the allocation of rights that transsexuals are to enjoy in a civilised and educated society. The logic behind the implementation of the Gender Recognition Act is possibly a combination of pluralistic values and an attempt to make domestic law compatible with the ECHR. Both of these ideas will be discussed in subsequent sections."

Tags:gay, human, law, legal, pluralism, rights, sexual, transgender

Abstract
This paper uses Simone Beauvoir's pioneering claim 'one is not born a woman, but, rather becomes one? as a beginning point in critically examining different theories which propose how one becomes a woman, not necessarily due to her biology. It addresses psychoanalysis, social constructionism and poststructuralism and takes Freud and Chodorow as exemplars of psychoanalysis, Oakley as an exemplar of the social constructionism perspective and Butler as an exemplar of the poststructuralist position. It aims to critically engage with the theories of these writers and attempts to establish the implications that each one carries towards our understanding of gender inequalities.

From the Paper
"Beauvior's pioneering work became central to all subsequent theories on gender. A number of writers developed theories, which were based on the same tenants as Beauvior's ideas. The theories in question can be divided into the three broad frameworks of psychoanalysis, social constructionism and poststructuralism. Examining the work of every writer associated with these positions goes well beyond the scope of this work. Hence this work shall be selective by taking Freud and Chodorow as exemplars of psychoanalysis, Oakley as an exemplar of social constructionism and taking Butler as an exemplar of the poststructuralist position. This work shall aim to critically engage with the theories of these writers and attempt to establish the implications that each one carries towards our understanding of gender inequalities."

Tags:feminism, freud, oakely, simone, beauvior, chodorow

Abstract
This paper deals with four migration theories and how they incorporate gender as a factor in labor migration. It looks at how although some theories ignore half the population (i.e. women), some dismiss women's 'home' work or do not take into account the differing reasons for men and women to migrate.

From the Paper
"One of the original theories on migration is the neo classical economics position incorporating macro and micro theories. The basic premise for the macro theory is that international and national migration is caused by the geographical differences in both the supply and demand of labor. Running alongside the flow of labor is the flow of investment capital from capital rich to capital poor countries. This movement of capital also includes human capital, i.e. highly skilled workers like managers, technicians and other skilled workers. The micro level theory states that it is individual rational actors who decide to migrate 'because a cost-benefit calculation leads them to expect a positive net return, usually monetary, from movement.' "

Tags:capitalism, feminism, economics

Abstract
This paper discusses the two contrasting theories regarding gender differences in speech: the Dominance approach and the Difference approach, by reference to Deborah Tannen?s study "You Just Don?t Understand: Women and Men in Conversation" and West and Zimmerman?s study "Sex Roles, Interruptions and Silences in Conversation". The paper critically evaluates these positions and considers explanations for the differences in male and female languages usage. In conclusion, the paper reviews possible strategies to decrease the confusion, frustration and hurt that is caused by men and women?s contrasting speech styles.

From the Paper
"A wide range of socio-linguistic research shows that men and women do use speech in different ways. Yet interpretations of these differences, and arguments concerning what causes them are complex and varied. The two main stances taken when analyzing gender and language are a Dominance approach or a Difference approach, with some linguists taking a position somewhere in between the two. This paper evaluates two studies that demonstrate a Difference and a Dominance approach and explores the different ways in which they analyze gender differences in speech."

Tags:feminist, sociolinguistics, speech, tannen, west, zimmerman