Vaccines

Paper Summary:

The paper describes through examples, the principles that underpin modern developments in vaccination strategies. It gives a background to the development of vaccines, and describes how they work and the bodies immune response. It also looks at current developments in vaccinations and gives detailed descriptions of various vaccination methods. It uses specific U.K.examples with the MMR vaccine.

From the Paper:

"The response to immunisation/vaccination can be enhanced by a number of agents, and collectively these are termed adjuvants. These are a heterogeneous group of compounds, with several different mechanisms of action. In the history of immunisation/vaccination, many compounds have been used empirically, with little knowledge about how they may work. Several vaccines are composed of proteins that have bee precipitated with alum, and others are emulsified in oil based compounds. One of the best known emulsifying agent's is Freund's complete adjuvant, which contains mycobacterial derivatives. Amongst these, bacterial cell wall components such as lipopolysaccharide are powerful immune stimulants, having an activating effect on macrophages and T-cells."

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