Abstract
This paper describes how and why the global human population has become unevenly distributed essentially due to the constraints of the physical geography of the world. It includes reasons such as climatic conditions, local relief, availability of resources and fertility of the land. The paper includes many statistical examples and referenced diagrams.

From the Paper
"With the population of the world now standing at 6,214,891,000 people, the distribution of them around the globe is increasingly becoming an issue. In some countries population densities are becoming almost unsustainable. For example, Bangladesh now has 2,043 people per square mile, and with the global population growing 79 million people per year, it is likely that this overcrowding is likely to continue, with severe strain resulting on the natural environment. However, the total land area of the world is 148,940,000 square kilometers, which means that if the population of the world were to be entirely evenly distributed then the population density on average would stand at 42 people per square kilometer. Therefore, even from these simple calculations, when compared to the population density of Bangladesh, it is clear that it is the uneven population distribution that has caused this large range in the population densities around the world."

Tags:Amazon, basin, urbanization, demographics

Abstract
The paper states that the rational planning of cities has been shown not to realise the practical nature of urban life. The paper describes that plans are not focused on bettering the lives of actual people but instead attempt to change their lives to suit the comprehensive plans of the planners. The paper argues that planning a conflict free environment is not only impossible but is actually detrimental. If disorder is not experienced, then individuals cannot fully develop as they will remain with the adolescent desire for purity and will reject the unknown. The paper calls for planning which realises the specific needs of communities .

From the Paper
"To replace these lost informal controls Wirth saw it as necessary to implement formal moral order which would maintain control in cities. These formal controls could not be left to develop spontaneously in the same way as the informal controls of rural communities but must be a result of rational planning and execution. However, he did not argue that individuals should be coerced into accepting this new moral order. Instead, he saw it as necessary for these new values to be internally appropriated by the individual so that they would voluntarily act in accordance with society without the need for negative sanctions. These ideas have often been criticised as being functionalist. Although this may be true of Wirth's practical proposals, his theoretical work showed an awareness of these issues which he did not included in his more substantive writings. The architect Le Corbusier was one of the most famous and influential people associated with the real development of rational urban planning. He saw it as necessary to remove the dark and dank streets of old irrational cities and replace them with new, rationally planned environments which would enhance the lives of residents."

Tags:ecological, determinism, traditional, communities, planning, execution

Abstract
This paper looks at the definition of urban social planning and how the impacts of urban social movements in changing the fabric of a city cannot be underestimated. In particular, the paper discusses how social movements influence planning and considers the policy making process within authorities. The paper concludes that urban social movements tend to have little influence in planning policy; instead they are constrained by policy and are forced to find ways of manipulating current policy for their own benefit.

From the Paper
"The methods chosen by urban social movements to make their point often determine their success. They can choose to take 'institutional action' which takes place within the existing political and legal framework, or 'non-institutional action' (i.e. demonstrations and 'direct action') which also includes illegal action (Graham, 2000). This raises the question of whether 'institutional action' is the only way planning policies can be influenced. A historical study by Olives (1992) sheds light on this within the French system. Of 16 urban social movements discussed nine were successful. Of those nine, seven movements demonstrated organization, mobilisation, social base and 'strong' stakes, corresponding with the view of political action through mobilisation. It is interesting to consider the exceptions. The first of these cases used petitions to secure rehousing for immigrants threatened with eviction. "

Tags:government, policy

Abstract
The paper examines the effect of the Industrial Revolution on London and explores the inter-war and post-war years through to the present day. The paper also evaluates the economic, political, social and cultural performance of London and its inhabitants. The paper shows how, compared to other cities, London has enjoyed sustained economic development and has prospered financially.

From the Paper
"The city of London, capital of the United Kingdom, has had a violent and bloody political history since its first known origins in AD43 when the Roman's invaded. Following the battles of the middle ages for control of the city, and the successful defeat of the Spanish Armada, London was able to grow as a politically stable settlement in the 15th Century. It was at this point in history that Great Britain, under the rule of Queen Elizabeth, began to establish an 'Empire' to rival the conquests of Spain and Portugal in territorial discovery. The Port of London, which had been instrumental to the growth of the city ever since it was founded, then became the busiest port in the world (Sybil 1967). The large size of the River Thames meant that wharves were spread out continuously for 11 miles, handling over 60,000 ships per year (PLA 1998). In the 17th Century, the city experienced economical setbacks such as the spread of the Plague and The Great Fire but it went on to become the world's largest city from about 1831-1925 (Porter 1994)."

Tags:Industrial, Revolution, industries, employment, rich, poor

Abstract
This paper is an in-depth examination of the Third World urban crisis. The paper looks at high population growth rates and growing immigration into urban areas that are causing huge problems for public services and governmental control of urban growth. The paper examines the informal sector of the economy, in which most urban poor are employed, together with possible suggestions on how to deal with the urban problem.

From the Paper
"As a whole, the Third World urban population is growing at the rate of 4% per year. This is three times the urban growth rate of First World countries. Latin America and East Asia are almost as urbanized as the western world, as nearly 50% of their people live in cities with 500,000 or more inhabitants. As the new century begins, more than 20 of the world's cities will have a total population of 10 million or more. With the exceptions of Tokyo, Los Angeles, New York, Osaka and Moscow, most of them will be in the Third World. The largest First World agglomerations were the world's biggest in the 1940's, but are now smaller than much bigger Third World rivals such as Mexico City and Sao Paulo."

Tags:issues, problems, thirld, urban, world, growth, immigrant, population, rates, govermental, public, poor, services, economic

Abstract
This paper looks at experiences in providing basic services, such as transport, water and sewerage to the urban poor in the developing world. It looks at the various ways in which urban authorities attempt to raise funds for improvements, such as privatization versus state ownership. The emphasis these days is on 'participation' by local people in the provision of services that they benefit from. Examples are given of public, private and participatory provision of essential services.

From the Paper
"One of the most significant of all postwar demographic phenomena and the one that will be of major concern in the future is the rapid growth of cities in developing countries. The developing world is being transformed from a world of villages to a world of towns and cities. In 1960 less than 22% of the population of low and middle income countries was urban. By 2020 it is estimated that more than half of the population of developing countries will be urban (World Bank: 1995). This enormous growth over the past fifty years has and will continue to place enormous strain on the infrastructure and general services within developed countries. Former World Bank President Robert McNamara expressed his scepticism that huge urban agglomerations could be made to work at all: "These sizes are such that any economies of location are dwarfed by costs of congestion. The rapid population growth that has produced them will have far outpaced the growth of human and physical infrastructure needed for even moderately efficient economic life and orderly political and social relationships, let alone amenity for their residents" (Todaro: 1997: 8). Research increasingly suggests that the problem is not just a lack of resources, but that the resources available are used inefficiently. Here we will discuss experience of infrastructure provision under various systems of administration and planning."

Tags:infrastructure, issues, problems, provision, public, service, services, urban, world, bank, poverty, developing, world, urban, management

Abstract
This paper describes two of the biggest problems facing Bombay (Mumbai) today. Massive population growth has led to high levels of overcrowding and poor health conditions as a result. There are also huge problems in providing adequate infrastructure as a result of this population growth, made worse by the unique geography of Bombay. The essay then describes the solution that is being implemented: the creation of a new 'growth pole': New Bombay a few miles away.

From the Paper
"The City of Bombay is located on the west coast of India and is one of the largest cities in the world. It is a good example of the kind of dramatic growth that has affected many developing countries in the past 50 years. But this was not always so. Bombay in the mid 17th century consisted of 7 small islands off the west coast of India. The area was surrounded by marshy land, had almost no fertile soil and was inhabited mainly be fishermen. There was no important trade and no resources and thus very little economic activity. But by the end of the 20th Century Bombay had become one of the biggest metropolitan areas in the world with around 15 million inhabitants. Bombay is India's most important port, busiest airport, has the highest concentration of industry, and the most multinational corporations in South East Asia. Why did this dramatic change occur and what have been the resulting negative impacts? To answer these questions it is worth looking at the history of Bombay briefly to understand the background to Bombay's problems, before investigating further two urban problems that Bombay faces and the solutions put forward."

Tags:India, Portuguese, Mughal, Empire, Central, Business, District, CIDCO

Abstract
In this article, the writer outlines the effects and impact of town planning on wider concerns. This is achieved by briefly highlighting the basic tenets of town planning and the manner in which differing models understand the issue. This is followed by an assessment of the factors that make the impact of town planning difficult to measure. However, the final section of the piece offers various methods for accurately understanding the impact of town planning by using a wider theoretical foundation for analysis.

From the Paper
"Outside the CBD is what is called the inner city area. Traditionally in Britain, this is where the main industrial complexes were established. Due to the decline in manufacturing and heavy industry in the mid and latter 20th century the majority of these have disappeared, but much of the housing used the provide homes for the workers remains. Next are the suburbs, which are mainly the result of housing programmes from the inter war years, and were a consequence of increased transport and communication links with the CBD. At the extremities of the town are the rural urban fringes, again a consequence of higher quality transport availability to the centre of the town. Built largely in the post 1945 period, space and luxury are often deemed vital considerations in the development process."

Tags:property, space, buildings, suburbs

Abstract
This report contains the considerations to be taken when planning, designing, and implementing storm water management projects. The paper details the human, physical, and managerial concerns.

From the Paper
" Frequency and intensity of storms will be another factor to be considered by those planning the system, as they will have to make the decision of what is the acceptable risk of damage, if overwhelmed. The discharge can be considered a method of control, in terms of how successful the system is. It will also be the quantifiable factor leading to assessing the effects downstream, good or bad."

Tags:management, stormwater

Abstract
This paper argues that the relationship between an environment and its diseases that occur within it are not static over time. The paper discusses infectious diseases, non-vectored diseases, and deficiency diseases. AIDS is given as an example of how a disease that was once a major problem in North America is now a major problem in Africa.

From the Paper
"Diseases occur in all parts of the world. However, different groups of people will be vulnerable to different diseases at different times, depending on where they are in the world - or rather, what environments they are in. The term used to investigate the relationship between diseases and the environments in which they occur is known as Disease Ecology. Disease Ecology can be a reference to diseases within the natural environment, but also to diseases that occur within manmade environments, mainly cities. There are many different types of diseases that could be investigated here. This essay will look at diseases in both the natural and man-made environments. These will include Deficiency diseases, Infectious diseases, Chronic diseases and Social diseases."

Tags:infectious, disease, ecology, aids, manmade, environment, non-vectored, africa, north, america, chronic, social, cholera