Abstract
The paper discusses the White Paper, "Planning for a Sustainable Future" which has two salient facets, a focus upon the consent regimes surrounding major infrastructure projects (MIPs) and a new method for funding local infrastructure, the Community Infrastructure Levy (CIL). Next it considers the political dimension of our sustainable future by evaluating the likely implications the new proposals will have upon consultation and public participation on MIPs. The paper also provides an overview of the existing consent regime, and then illustrates the proposed changes for consultation and public participation in particular, and the reasoning behind them. The paper then details the philosophy and procedures of the CIL, and discusses the significant benefits and problems that its implementation may instigate and compares how the CIL relates to existing planning obligation tools.

Outline:
Introduction
Consultation and public participation within the new MIPs consent regime
The Community Infrastructure Levy: key benefits
and problems
Problems
Benefits
Good or Bad

From the Paper
"Evidently it appears that this stage of consultation and participation is reserved for organisations and bodies from government and civil society, except where specific reference to localities is made which would lead to a far more extensive and localised consultation, including local communities and local authorities. However, the absence of specifics or further guidance makes it difficult to assess exactly what form or by what process such a consultation would take at this stage. It is noted within the white paper that it will be very much dependent upon the content of the suggested policy."

Tags:significant, effects, social, environmental, economic, issues, existing, policy, tools, procedural, requirements

Abstract
A detail look at the flood management schemes on the river Chichester that flooded in 1994. The author offers a detailed analysis of the effects of the flooding and these were controlled.

From the Paper
"In January 1994 Chichester suffered extensive flooding. The national Rivers Authority (NRA), west Sussex Council the fire brigade and other emergency services battled together against the floods that deluged the city of Chichester and the surrounding area. The flooding occurred when the river Lavant burst its banks in its upper catchment and could not be contained in the culvert, which runs underneath Chichester. As a consequence, the hornet district of the city was inundated several times and large areas to the east lay under waters for days."

Tags:geography, schemes, flood, environment, control

Abstract
An examination of two theories by Tom Regan and Peter Singer of animal rights. The author examines their relevance and compares the two highlighting their practical value and inconsistencies. A general look at animal rights.

From the Paper
"An environmental philosophy is difficult to define, in fact I would say there is considerable difficulty in philosophical suppositions in general. We find two authors that struggle with the reasoning behind our treatment, or mistreatment in this case, of animals. I would contend that both arguments presented are extremely narrow, and are fraught with many inconsistencies and a lack of rational thought. I will delve into these criticisms later on, first however, I will attempt to present their ideas and justification in an unbiased, and straightforward manner."

Tags:ethics, philosophy

Abstract
This report contains the considerations to be taken when planning, designing, and implementing storm water management projects. The paper details the human, physical, and managerial concerns.

From the Paper
" Frequency and intensity of storms will be another factor to be considered by those planning the system, as they will have to make the decision of what is the acceptable risk of damage, if overwhelmed. The discharge can be considered a method of control, in terms of how successful the system is. It will also be the quantifiable factor leading to assessing the effects downstream, good or bad."

Tags:management, stormwater

Abstract
In this article, the writer outlines the effects and impact of town planning on wider concerns. This is achieved by briefly highlighting the basic tenets of town planning and the manner in which differing models understand the issue. This is followed by an assessment of the factors that make the impact of town planning difficult to measure. However, the final section of the piece offers various methods for accurately understanding the impact of town planning by using a wider theoretical foundation for analysis.

From the Paper
"Outside the CBD is what is called the inner city area. Traditionally in Britain, this is where the main industrial complexes were established. Due to the decline in manufacturing and heavy industry in the mid and latter 20th century the majority of these have disappeared, but much of the housing used the provide homes for the workers remains. Next are the suburbs, which are mainly the result of housing programmes from the inter war years, and were a consequence of increased transport and communication links with the CBD. At the extremities of the town are the rural urban fringes, again a consequence of higher quality transport availability to the centre of the town. Built largely in the post 1945 period, space and luxury are often deemed vital considerations in the development process."

Tags:property, space, buildings, suburbs

Abstract
This paper describes two of the biggest problems facing Bombay (Mumbai) today. Massive population growth has led to high levels of overcrowding and poor health conditions as a result. There are also huge problems in providing adequate infrastructure as a result of this population growth, made worse by the unique geography of Bombay. The essay then describes the solution that is being implemented: the creation of a new 'growth pole': New Bombay a few miles away.

From the Paper
"The City of Bombay is located on the west coast of India and is one of the largest cities in the world. It is a good example of the kind of dramatic growth that has affected many developing countries in the past 50 years. But this was not always so. Bombay in the mid 17th century consisted of 7 small islands off the west coast of India. The area was surrounded by marshy land, had almost no fertile soil and was inhabited mainly be fishermen. There was no important trade and no resources and thus very little economic activity. But by the end of the 20th Century Bombay had become one of the biggest metropolitan areas in the world with around 15 million inhabitants. Bombay is India's most important port, busiest airport, has the highest concentration of industry, and the most multinational corporations in South East Asia. Why did this dramatic change occur and what have been the resulting negative impacts? To answer these questions it is worth looking at the history of Bombay briefly to understand the background to Bombay's problems, before investigating further two urban problems that Bombay faces and the solutions put forward."

Tags:India, Portuguese, Mughal, Empire, Central, Business, District, CIDCO

Abstract
This paper discusses the environment and its relationship with technological progress. The author uses figures, numbers and statistics to demonstrate the environmental paradox, the faulty thought that things are worse than they were before, when in fact they are getting better. The author also looks briefly at future advances in technology such as cloning and genetic engineering and argues for the far-reaching advantages it will provide the human race and environmental science.

From the Paper
"In this paper I set out to prove the environmental paradox. The world is getting better and better every day, we live in the greatest time the human race has ever had and people say it's going to the dogs. I would like to end this paper with a quote from P.J. O'Rourke: "Things are better now than things have been since men began keeping track of things. Things are better than they were only a few years ago. Things are better, in fact, than they were at 9:30 this morning, thanks to Tylenol and two Bloody Marys." (O'Rourke, p. 2) "

Tags:cloning, effect, engineering, environment, genetic, global, greenhouse, libertarian, malthus, paradox, rourke, statistics, terraforming, warming

Abstract
This paper discusses the different types of deforestation and their causes, and suggests various areas in which possible solutions may be found. Both tropical deforestation and dry forest clearing are addressed. Increased population growth, agribusiness, cattle ranching, and small-scale farming and wood collecting are among the reasons given for destruction of forests. Proposed solutions include a discussion of preservation policies, greater economic use of forests currently destroyed, and 'tolerant forest management'.

From the Paper
"The deforestation of vegetation has been carried out for millennia, in all parts of the world inhabited by man. But in recent decades, with the growth of "green" issues in general, great concern has been raised about deforestation and it's causes, especially in developing countries, which do not safeguard their forests in the way the west usually does. The term deforestation is vague, which makes it difficult to define, record and make comparisons. But deforestation can generally be divided into two broad categories. These are tropical deforestation (the clearing of dense rainforests, usually for agricultural purposes) and dry forest clearing (where trees are generally cut for firewood (Todaro: 1997). We shall look here at the causes of deforestation in developing countries in all it's forms, and then hopefully outline possible solutions to the apparent destruction caused to the bio-diversity of plants and animals, and environmental stability. "

Tags:country, environment, forestry, Budongo, Amazonia, logging

Abstract
This paper argues that the relationship between an environment and its diseases that occur within it are not static over time. The paper discusses infectious diseases, non-vectored diseases, and deficiency diseases. AIDS is given as an example of how a disease that was once a major problem in North America is now a major problem in Africa.

From the Paper
"Diseases occur in all parts of the world. However, different groups of people will be vulnerable to different diseases at different times, depending on where they are in the world - or rather, what environments they are in. The term used to investigate the relationship between diseases and the environments in which they occur is known as Disease Ecology. Disease Ecology can be a reference to diseases within the natural environment, but also to diseases that occur within manmade environments, mainly cities. There are many different types of diseases that could be investigated here. This essay will look at diseases in both the natural and man-made environments. These will include Deficiency diseases, Infectious diseases, Chronic diseases and Social diseases."

Tags:infectious, disease, ecology, aids, manmade, environment, non-vectored, africa, north, america, chronic, social, cholera

Abstract
This paper is on the Wetlands and the effects civilization is having on them. The author contends that there exists a need for action, through the use of education, and federal/ locally sponsored programs. He fears that without major steps, and an increase in federal protection, we may reach a point at which we are too late, and serious damage to the Wetlands will be done.

From the Paper
"Wetlands" is the collective term for marshes, swamps, bogs, and similar areas found in generally flat vegetated areas, in depressions in the landscape, and between dry land and water along the edges of streams, rivers, lakes, and coastlines. Because they are so varied, wetlands can be difficult to recognize. Many have been altered by human activities such as farming, ranching, and the building of roads, dams, and towns. Yet their importance is critical is the proper functioning and balance of our many ecosystems."

Tags:environment, epa, protection, water