Abstract
This paper discusses how the term sound reinforcement refers to the strategic use of microphones and loudspeakers to project the sound of a band, theatre production or conference speaker across to an audience. It examines how it is necessary for a sound engineer, working in any area of sound reinforcement - from the front of house engineer in a large concert hall, to the stage manager at a theatre , to have the confidence and knowledge required to problem solve quickly in the event of equipment failure, and keep the programme on track.

From the Paper
"The term impedance matching is used when concerning the interconnection of loudspeaker drivers and power amplifiers, to achieve maximum power transfer. At this stage in the signal chain, it is very important to appreciate that the load impedance of the speaker (the whole cabinet, not just the driver itself) must match closely the source impedance (the rated output impedance of the power amp). If the source impedance is significantly higher than that of the speaker, the amplifier could overheat, or its automatic protection circuitry could cause it to cut out. Neither of these conclusions would be much good during a live performance."

Tags:auditorium, live, mixing, stage, technology

Abstract
This paper discusses the wider issues of interaction between public, planning and politics and views the interaction of the three within the context a controversial development proposal - plans for a new football stadium in Guildford. The main inputs from politicians, the people and the planning system are discussed at various stages at the planning process.

From the Paper
"Guildford is a town that has seen the relative decline of its football abilities. The application was made as a direct response to the wish of AFC Guildford to progress to the Nationwide Conference League. The club currently play on the pitch at the center of the running track at the Spectrum Leisure Center. The track however is not capable of being upgraded to the requirements of the Conference football league. There is an area of green land adjacent to the Spectrum Leisure Center, which it was felt could possibly accommodate better facilities. With these historical and practical issues in mind the planning application for a new stadium was submitted in February 2004. The stadium would be built by the Trinity Investment Co. Ltd on behalf of AFC Guildford. Such a large scale and controversial issue could not be decided within the normal eight week deadline. The application was concluded in January 2005."

Tags:surrey, politicians

Abstract
This paper analyzes and simulates the performance of the frequency modulation (FM). The paper begins with an introduction to FM modulation and provides a full mathematical background information in regards with the FM. (This includes FM spectral analysis and introducing and simulating the role of the Bessel function and the frequency sidebands). The FM bandwidth requirements is discussed and simulated by using the MATLAB/Simulink. The simulation model and initialization steps are completely demonstrated and the results are discussed. The effect of adding noise to a FM modulated signal is analyzed and the results are presented. (This includes analysis of threshold effect and the mathematical relationship between signal to noise and carrier to noise.) The results of practical measurements are presented at the end of each part. The paper includes figures and graphs.

Contents:
1. Abstract
2. Frequency Modulation
A. Description:
B. Why Modulation?
C. Modulation Types
D. FM Modulation
E. FM Spectral analysis
3. Determining Kf (the deviation constant)
A. DC Method
B. Time Domain method
C. The Spectrum Analyzer Method
D. FSK Method
4. Effect of Band-pass Filtering
Simulating the Effect of Band-pass Filtering using SIMULINK
5. Effect of Adding Noise to an FM Signal
6. Conclusion
7. References

From the Paper
"As explained before, in FM modulation, there is a linear relation between frequency deviation and voltage variation. (At the receiver site, demodulator use this property to extract the message from the modulated signal). In other word, this means that if we sketch the graph of modulated signal frequency versus message signal's voltage for an arbitrary FM system, the slope of the graph would be a constant value and would be equal to Kf (deviation constant)."

Tags:cnr, communication, fsk, snr, spectrum, transmission

Abstract
This paper analyzes the efficiency of the access algorithms in IEEE 802.11 infrastructure wireless LANs. The first part of the paper provides an overview of the access algorithms that are in used in IEEE 802.11 implementations. A mathematical model of the carrier sense protocols is introduced and analyzed through the second part. The main part of the paper is devoted to simulation of IEEE 802.11 infrastructure networks. For this purpose a discrete event simulator has been designed and implemented. Finally the results are presented and discussed.

Table of Contents
IEEE 802.11 Wireless LANS
IEEE 802.11 Access Algorithms
Mathematical Analysis of the Carrier Sense Protocols
Non-Slotted Non-Persistent CSMA
Slotted Non-Persistent CSMA
Simulation of IEEE 802.11 Infrastructure WLANS
Traffic Modeling
The Simulation Model
Simulation Results
Summary
References
The Simulator Source Codes

From the Paper
"Nowadays, wireless LANs, also known as WLANs, are used widely as an alternative for the wired LANs. In Comparison with the traditional wired LANs, WLANs provide more flexibility and higher ROI (Return On Investment) for both providers and customers. Also in some cases (such as disaster discovery), it is impossible to set up a wired LAN. Since setting up a WLAN does not need a great starting investment (especially in the case of ad hoc operation), it is considered to be an ideal choice for any temporary network connectivity requirement in local scales. For these reasons, the WLAN's productivity has increased rapidly during recent years."

Tags:analysis, based, carlo, carrier, collision, communication, computer, contention

Abstract
The main purpose of this paper is to analyze different aspects of Pulse Code Modulation including sampling theory, aliasing, quantizing and effect of non-uniform quantization. Each part of the paper begins with the theoretical analysis; then the simulation results are presented. Finally the practical measurement results are demonstrated and discussed. For better analysis and subjective evaluation of quantization process, a Java-MATLAB application is developed (the source codes are included). Finally in the conclusion, the main points of each part are summarized.
Outline
Introduction
Pulse Modulations
Pulse Code Modulation
Sampling
Nyquist Sampling Theorem and the Aliasing Distortion
Zero Order Hold (ZOH)
Effect of Output Pulse Width
Aliasing Distortion
Variation of the Output Filter Bandwidth
Quantization
PCM Quantization Analysis: Java-MATLAB Software Application
Peak clipping
Quantization Distortion
Spectrum of Quantization Noise
Non-Uniform Quantization
The i law
Quantization Distortion for a Companded System
Conclusion
References
Appendix A: Java Software Source code

From the Paper
"Sampling is the first step in any pulse modulation system. In fact by sampling, a signal is represented by set of discrete samples. If the frequency of the sampling is high enough, the original signal can be recovered from the samples. This concept will be examined with more details later. From the mathematical point of view, the sampling process can be considered as the multiplication of the message signal by a train of Dirac impulses. "

Tags:aliasing, analogue, bandwidth, clipping, code, communication, converter, dac, digital, distortion, filtering, frequency, holding, law, low, matlab, modulation, non, nyquist, pass, pcm, peak, pulse, quantization, sampling, simulation, spectrum, theory, uniform, zero, zoh

Abstract
This paper explains that, inevitably, bridges deteriorate over time at different rates: Timely maintenance activities, which are well-planned and carried out with minimal disruption to road users can present substantial savings in terms of both time and money for both bridge owners and road users. The author ponts out that, to tackle the complicated issues regarding bridge management, research activities in the UK as well as other countries in continental Europe concentrate largely on the bridge management process, with attention given to improving the use of limited finances to maximize the returns from the maintenance and repair of the bridge stock as well as reduce additional costs due to traffic delays and lane closures for these activities. The paper includes a critical review of other BMSs used worldwide, development of models to predict bridge condition over time, analysis of the various road user costs and using different optimizing techniques to best allocate finances and optimize bridge performance. 39 tables. 40 figures.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Objective
Bridge Conditions in the U.K.
Introduction
Maintenance and Upgrading
Expenditure
Department of Transport (DoT) Programme
What is a Bridge Management System (BMS)?
Introduction
Department of Transport Structure
Maintenance Agents
BMS in the U.K. and Other Countries
Introduction
Bridge Condition
Other Information in BMS's
Condition Prediction
Cost Models
Decision for Maintenance and Repair
Prioritization
BMS in the U.S.A.
BRIDGIT System
PONTIS System
SMIS System
Inventory
Inspection and Assessment
National Structures Programmes (NSPs)
Prioritization
Project Creation
Whole Life Assessment and Costing
Activities Schedule
Data Accuracy
Design Specifications
Access
Integration with External Systems
Bridge Inspection and Assessment
Bridge Inspection Types
Defects
Bridge Scoring
Introduction
Definitions
Bridge Condition Score (BCS)
Bridge Condition Index (BCI)
Bridge Stock Condition Index (BSCI)
Multi Span Bridges
Bridge Scoring Example
Interpreting BCS's
BCS Results
Histograms for Bridge Stock
Interpreting BCI's
BCI Results
Interpreting BSCI's
Predicting Bridge Condition with Time
Introduction
Markov Chain Approach
Example Calculation
Bridge Condition Example
Bridge Condition Results
Bridge Aggregation Example
Bridge Aggregation Results
Bridge Stock Example
Bridge Stock Results
Traffic Costs
Introduction
Traffic Count Example
Traffic Count Results
Traffic Delay Cost Examples
Delay Costs Results (1st Example)
Delay Costs Results (2nd Example)
Accident Cost Example
Accident Costs Results
Environmental Impact
Introduction
Emissions Example
Emissions Results
Decision-Making and Prioritization
Decision-making
Introduction
Prioritization
Introduction
Dynamic Programming
Budget Allocation Approach
Budget Allocation Results (1st Example)
Budget Allocation Results( 2nd Example)
Budget Allocation Results ( 3rd Example)
Improvements to Budget Allocation Approach
Introduction to BCI optimization approach
Service Potential (BCI) Examples
BCI Optimization Results (1st Example)
BCI Optimization Results (2nd Example)
BCI Optimization Results (3rd Example)
Maintenance Costs Examples
BCI Optimization Results (4th Example)
BCI Optimization Results (5th Example)
BCI Optimization Results (6th Example)
Conclusion
Future Research

From the Paper
"It is proposed that the transition probabilities to be used are the Bridge Condition Index (BCI), which operates on a linear scale of 0 (worst) to 100 (best). The degree of severity of bridges is linearly distributed over this range (i.e. BCI of 50 to 51 is the same as 90 to 91), except that costs are expected not to have a linear distribution. This is a useful approach as the BCI (average) is interpreted as 'service potential' and is used as a performance indicator.
Using the example for multi span bridges earlier on, the transition probabilities for a three-state Markov chain model with limiting stage value of 3 is proposed. The probabilities are in accordance to the BCI values for the 'good' bridge arranged in order of descending magnitude (i.e. P(1) = 0.9845 and P(2) = 0.9246). For the purposes of comparison, the other two bridges ('medium' and 'bad') are also modelled and the three are plotted together."

Tags:allocation, asset, costs, delay, environmental, highway, maintenance, management, optimisation, resource, traffic

Abstract
This paper explains, starting from the basics, what genetic engineering actually is, and how it is carried out. It details its uses in society and explains the risks involved and how to overcome them. Ethics and social values are included in the discussion.

Outline
Introduction
Principles of Genetic Engineering
Applications of Genetic Engineering
Hazards and Ethical and Social Implications of Genetic Engineering

From the Paper
"Restrictions have become less severe over the years, and genetic engineering is being applied more and more as public approval is constantly being sought. Nevertheless, this does not diminish the potential dangers of creating transgenic organisms. For example, consider the use of genetically modified organisms - GMO's - in the general environment, such as crop plants. Can such organisms be used safely? Suppose the pollen of these plants are transferred to wild relatives, thus injecting the gene into a different species. These plants may now act as weeds, and if the crop plants were engineered to be herbicide-resistant, then the weed will be similarly so. When a new type of oilseed rape resistant to the herbicide Basta was produced by the Belgian company 'Plant Genetic Systems' in 1994, there were concerns that rapeseed would act as a weed in hedgerows and would be impossible to control with Basta."

Tags:biotechnology, dna, gene, genome, gmo, nucleotide, plasmid, protein, virus

Abstract
This paper looks at Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) networks and switches including the problems associated with the old existing networks and the introduction of Broadband Integrated Networks. The paper also compares ATM networks with the traditional circuit and packet switching systems as well as discussing different categories of ATM switches and buffering schemes.
Outline
Origins of ATM
Evolution to a Broadband Integrated Network
Service Characteristics
Information Rate and Burstiness
Service Examples
Transfer Modes
Extreme Transfer Modes
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
Benefits of ATM
ATM Cell Structure
Cell Size
BISDN Protocol Stack
Transmission Delay
Header Functionality
Virtual Paths
Statistical Multiplexing
Making an ATM Call
ATM Switching
Classification of Switch Fabrics
Time Division Switch Fabrics
Shared Medium Single Bus Structure
Space Division Fabrics
Single Path Self Routing Switch
Switch Problems
Buffering

From the Paper
"Asynchronous Transfer Mode is a digital technique for high speed switching. The unit of multiplexing and switching is a cell which comprises a short fixed length information packet with a fixed length header to carry signaling information. By offering access at the cell level, information from many sources with widely differing activity patterns and transmission rates can be interleaved on a single transmission link or switched through an ATM node. As in other packet switching environments capacity is used only when it is needed."

Tags:bisdn, broadband, integrated, isdn, modes, multiplexing, packet, paths, recirculation

Abstract
This paper introduces some of fundamental concepts of electrostatics including: electric surface charge density, electric flux density, Coulomb's Law and the Gauss's Theorem.

Paper Outline:
Electric Charge
Electric Surface Charge Density
Electric Flux and Electric Flux Density
Fields and Potential
Electric Potential
Electric Field Strength
Coulomb's Law
The E Field for a Point of Change
Electric Potential in a Field Due to a Single Point Charge
Surface Charge Density and Curvature
Electric Field as the (Negative) Gradient of Potential
Gauss's Theorem
References

From the Paper
"In some substances, particularly metals, negatively charged particles (electrons) can move easily. Such substances are called electrical conductors. Other substances, in which electrons do not move freely, are called electrical insulators. There is another group of substances which are neither good conductors nor good insulators but which have become increasingly important in the last 50 years; these are called semiconductors."

Tags:electromagnetic, electron, electronic, physics

Abstract
This paper outlines the strategies available to deal with managing change, the common problems associated with a change process and how the FKI Logistex group has dealt with change in recent years. It looks at the manifestations of resistance to organisational change and strategies such as the planned approach and emergent approach in dealing with the change process. It also provides examples of how Logistex has changed recently and highlights how the company has dealt with its resistance to change in the form of better communications from top management and by implementing an internal change agent.

Outline
Executive Summary
Aim
Assignment Brief
Objectives
Introduction to change management
Introduction to FKI
Causes of Resistance to Organisational Change
Resistance to Change
Change Forces
Manifestations of Resistance to Change
TQM
Strategies
Planned Approach
Emergent Approach
Issues and Considerations When Managing Change
Change Agents
Company Politics
Continuous Change
Change within FKI Logistex
Conclusions
References
Bibliography

From the Paper
"External forces greatly influence the change in an organization and are often the trigger for a change process. Some of the common external factors are economic, technological & social and political forces. All of these forces need to be analyzed from whether it is a competitor's new product pushing prices down and increasing competitiveness to the general trends of finance or the direction the government is taking the country and the tightening or relaxing of regulations. All of these forces require watching and acting upon when required."

Tags:tqm, forces, communication, management