Abstract
A discussion of the problems facing each of the nations from the former Czechoslovakian Republic, now that they are separated. The paper discusses environmental issues, political and foreign relation complications as well as church-state relationships.

From the Paper
"Change is rarely easy. Change becomes harder when a nation that has existed for a long time needs to dissolve into two different nations, each with its own set of problems. Economic and social change from a government controlled to a free market doesn't come easily and problem free either. Czechoslovakia is an example of such a situation. The country's dissolution has been called the peaceful divorce. [Otto Ulc. p.1-3] Czechoslovakia had only few cities with a population over 750,000 and had been plagued by large variety of environmental and economic problems. Another problem results from the fact that the two separated nations don't wish to have much to do with the other, and thus the new nations are plagued by bad foreign relations with each other and remaining eastern European countries."

Tags:ostrava, prague, Civic, Democratic, Party, Zbynek, Sedivy, NATO

Abstract
This paper addresses the fall of communism in Eastern Europe.

Tags:EUROPEAN STUDIES (HISTORY, CULTURE) / EASTERN EUROPE, RUSSIA, the inevitable fall

Abstract
This paper shows that the conditions that exist today in the treatment of homosexuals in Russia are comparable to those in the early 19th century. The Bolshevik's misplaced hatred of all things not heterosexual stems from their hatred of the aristocratic and upper-class culture. The paper argues that their revolution and the subsequent mass destruction of all gay culture in Russia has set back the progressive equal rights movement by nearly a century.

From the Paper
"The views in Russia toward homosexuality have fluctuated greatly throughout history along with the fluctuations in government. While it was never completely accepted before the revolution in 1917, when the Bolsheviks came into power, however, a complete elimination of all things representing the former government " including homosexuality " came about. Any form of sexuality not accepted by the leaders became a crime comparable to treason and an issue too taboo to discuss. Even today, after governmental rule has changed hands again, the Bolshevik view of hatred and bias against all those out of the norm has lived on."

Tags:muzhelozhstvo, Sergei, Alexandrovich

Abstract
This paper explains that the film, "Mother?, depicts a tough era in the working communist culture of Russia when the rich get richer and the poor get poorer and attempt to drink away their sorrows. The author points out that this film showed that the people were hard-working and made do with what they had. The paper reveals that, in the film, the family did make the ultimate sacrifice, but the viewer gets the impression that it was worthwhile because future generations could live more freely and more equally with the owners and government officials.

From the Paper
"At the bar, the father approaches the bartender and shows him the household iron. He wants to trade this for a glass of vodka. The bartender refuses, and the father is seen raising the iron as if he is going to hit the bartender with it. Meanwhile, there are numerous scenes of the local town people that notice what is going on. A table full of men, obviously planning something sees that the father is a strong man, and entice him not to hit the bartender, rather to come help them with their plans. In the next few scenes, we learn that the next day there will be a major strike. It seems that half of the workers agree with the strike, and half would rather do without it. The father is bribed, with countless drinks of vodka into joining the group of men that are going to keep the strikers from striking."

Tags:bar, vodka, strikers, sacrifice, revolution

Abstract
This paper examines the history of anti-Semitism in Europe during the 19th century. The paper explores the similarities between the anti-Semitic prejudices that engulfed France and Russia in the late nineteenth century and then shows how in France, anti-Semitism was largely a right-wing Catholic movement, peppered with socialist support in the aftermath capitalistic change. The paper also provides a broad definition of anti-Semitism in general.

From the Paper
"Anti-Semitism is not an "identical phenomenon" similar to all countries, but rather based on individual national histories. The anti-Semitic prejudices that emerged in France and Russia in the late nineteenth century were both preceded by defeat in war, economic instability, and political change; circumstances exploited by the Judeo-phobic press and literature. However, while French anti-Semitism was derived from traditional religious dogmatism, and encouraged by the potent political force of anti-Republican Catholicism, the Russian experience was based on an ideological imperialism that was promoted by the government, and common to all "true" Russians."

Tags:france, history, jew, judaism, russia

Abstract
A paper which traces the causes, course and results of the Bosnian war which destroyed this once peaceful country. The paper shows how, from a mosaic country made up of every religion and ethnic group, Bosnia became divided by racial hatred and led to a genocide not seen in the world since World War II. The paper examines the concentration camps, the Serbian atrocities and the way in which the international community became involved.

From the Paper
"Now, almost a decade after the brunt of the fighting has ceased, the country still remains in shambles. The war devastated the entire country to the point that no restoration is apparent. My friend, Sanela, has returned to her country once since she fled here to the Unites States. "The whole country is demolished. I would say over 90 percent of the entire country has been completely destroyed by the war."
Looking back on this war as part of a research paper, it is horrifying to try to imagine what it must have been like to actually have been there. I accidentally stumbled upon Sanela's past; she has never talked to anyone about this except what is left of her family. I am thankful that she has shared her story with me and shed light on this subject that I knew absolutely nothing about. I am more thankful today for my friends and family and everything I have. Once you have become close to someone who has lost everything, you begin to realize how petty your problems really are."

Tags:independent, state, United, Nations, Serb, Paramilitary, Muslims, Bush, administration

Abstract
The writer focuses on the EU welfare states of Britain, France, Germany and Sweden and at their pressing problems of class and gender inequality. The writer shows how the expansion of social citizenship rights and the development of European welfare states has certainly reduced the problem of inequality, but has not solved the problem by eradicating it completely. The writer does point out, however, that social inequality is a complex issue that may never be solved.

From the Paper
"T. H. Marshall's threefold model of citizenship rights is that civil rights were introduced in the eighteenth century, political rights in the nineteenth century and social rights in the twentieth century. In his essay 'Citizenship and Social Class' (1950) he claimed that the possession of all three rights in full is linked to social class, and therefore an unequal process. Social citizenship rights incorporate the right to economic welfare and security, the right to a full share of social heritage and the right to reach a set life standard in a society (Marshall, 1950, p.8). According to Marshall, "the institutions most closely connected with [the social element of citizenship] are the educational system and the social services" (ibid.)."

Tags:class, gender, democracy, feminism, discrimination

Abstract
This paper traces the growth of aggressive nationalism from the catalyst of the unification of the German at Versailles in 1871, to the emergence in the mid-19th century of liberal nationalism and to the expansionist ideas of Weltpolitk in the late 19th century. Next, the author relates the growth of anti-Semitism starting with the 1873 depression with propaganda featuring the stereotypical ideas of Jewish money-grabbers, the Volkish movement that led to the exclusion of certain races and religions particularly the Jews and the 1891formation of Pan German League, an ultra-nationalist group focused on imperialism, anti-Semitism and the 'Polish question'. The paper underscores that, during this time Germany could be considered a fairly liberal country as compared to France and Russia, which were more obvious hotbeds of anti-Semitism.

From the Paper
"There were many strong factors which prohibited the formation of this and which provided resistance to the formation of this German national spirit. The lateness of the industrial revolution in Germany and a lack of a revolution from the Middle classes (1848-49) only served to add to the already visible regional disparities by stunting the ability for the nation to progress naturally.
"Despite these factors, it can be argued that the seed of a German nationalism which would be recognisable today was planted by the hegemony of the French empire under Napoleon between 1804 and 1814. As occurs so often in history, the disastrous events of this period gave the people a common enemy in which to unite against and therefore for the first time created common ground between German Prince and peasant alike. This spirit of widespread togetherness would remain long after the banishment of Napoleon and would eventually develop into the strong German nationalism we see today. The unity wasn't limited to merely a patriotic Zeitgeist, but was actually manifested in policy, an example being the Zollverein, and institution which led to greatly improved economical unity and which also allowed the great German industrial valleys to be born.
"One form of nationalism to emerge in the mid-19th century was that of liberal nationalism which focused on the achievement of individual liberty of the people."

Tags:middle-classes, regional disparities, volkish movement, social darwinism, colonial empire

Abstract
This paper explores the Kosovo conflict, its escalation in 1998 and its subsequent management. It is divided in four parts. First, it deals with the accusations of human rights violations within the province and presents diverse evidence from various human rights groups on the existence of such abuses. Second, it examines the Serbian response to these allegations and the reasons behind Milosevic's unwillingness to rectify the worsening situation. Third, it presents an evaluation of the need for intervention with regard to International Law and previous humanitarian practice. Fourth, it analyzes the diplomatic and military actions taken by the International Community.

Table of Contents:
Introduction.
The Human Rights Situation in Kosovo:
History of Albanian Mistreatment.
Allegations of Human Rights Violations.
The Serbian Response to Accusations of Human Rights Violations.
An Evaluation of the Need for Intervention with Regard to International Humanitarian Law
An Examination of the Accusations of Human Rights Violations.
On the Legality of Military Intervention.
International Action
International Humanitarian Action in Perspective: The Failure of Diplomacy and the NATO Bombing Campaign
Belated Recommendations: Was there an Alternative?
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The Bosnia and the Kosovo conflicts marked the biggest outbreaks of violence in Europe after the end of the Second World War. The unstable political environment in federal Yugoslavia after the fall of communism, brought about the emergence of salient ethnic issues, which led to the deaths of tens of thousands of people. The focus of this paper is the Kosovo conflict, the human rights violations that led to its escalation, and the international response that followed. Even though the situation in Serbia has changed and democratic parties are in power, the Kosovo question is still far from being resolved due to the mutual hatred of Serbs and Albanians. Moreover, the downturn of the Kosovo crisis gave credibility to the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) as a political player, which has further exacerbated the situation not only in Kosovo, but also in neighboring Montenegro and Macedonia."

Tags:democratic, ethnic, law, political, politics, Albania

Abstract
This essay deals with the issue of domestic violence in Serbia and what makes the problem in Serbia unique. It describes the current and historical situation and provides details of research and figures. It looks at laws that concern domestic violence and groups that are concerned with the issue. Also examined are the attitudes toward domestic violence and some of its causes.

From the Paper
"This essay will deal with the phenomenon of domestic violence (nb) in Serbia. It will set out to discover the extent of domestic violence. As well as providing explanations for attitudes towards domestic violence and whether there is a historical, political, or social context that is specific to Serbia. In recent years Serbia has been through four wars, and maybe because of this the issue of domestic violence is seen as unimportant. But there is a need for this topic to be dealt with, as there are many victims needing help."

Tags:abuse, balkan, patriarcal, society, zadruga