Abstract
This paper explains the present national standards in the UK for adult literacy such as being confident and capable when speaking, listening, reading and writing. The author relates that, in 2010, functional skills based on real life experiences, particularly as relative to work based environments will become the new qualification. From the perspective of the author's own experiences, the paper details the teaching of basic skills for English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL) adult students and the ability of ESOL teachers to also teach functional skills.

From the Paper
"SfL or basic skills qualifications are aimed at helping learners to build their English, maths or computer skills, whereas key skills are aimed at development of skills to help in work and life in general. As a learner myself, working towards an ITT qualification, I have no previous experience of summative assessment of speaking skills because most of the assessments that I have been involved in through the delivery of literacy to English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL) learners were formative."

Tags:comparability, functional skills, work verification levels

Abstract
This paper discusses how cabinets of curiosity (also known as wunderkammer, cabinets of wonder, and wonder rooms ), were rooms that housed vast encyclopaedic collections of objects and other rare items of interest. These proto museums were the private collections of elite upper classes; English gentleman, scholars and aristocrats. It looks at how they were considered a heterogeneous theatre of learning and pleasure where by human creativity was arranged on natural forms in its exploration for beauty and wonder.

From the Paper
"With the discovery of the Americas and the New World, wealthy collectors would send off explorers and sailors with a 'shopping list' of curiosities that would demonstrate their interests and obsessions. Many objects would have a monetary value however most collectors had little interest in this aspect instead they focussed more on the passion for collecting and the joy of ownership, such as Ulisse Aldrovandi, a collector in the latter part of the 16th century, and indeed by 1549 Aldrovandi had over 100 collections in Rome itself. Other types of collectors existed who began to profit from these curiosities. 17th century German merchant Philipp Hainhofer is a prime example of this profiteering. He acted as buying agent for collectors of luxury items but also acquired objects from Frankfurt fairs, a long way from his home of Augsburg. He would create his own cabinet of curiosity with these newly acquired items with the view of selling them, no doubt as the highest bidder, as a complete cabinet of curiosity."

Tags:wunderkammer, collections, treasure

Abstract
This paper reviews the history of ethnographic field research methodology used by anthropologists, from interviewing travelers to modern immersion into the culture.. The paper points out that B. Mallinowski and E. E. Evans-Pritchard felt that role of the anthropologist is not as a passive observer, detached from the culture which is being studied. Rather, they believed that the field anthropologist should be an active participant whose sole task is to understand the group by becoming part of it. Modern anthropologists, the paper relates, need to engage with the culture they are studying, sometimes even to immerse themselves within it at the temporary cost of their own identity in order to fully experience and understand the culture of the 'other'.

From the Paper
"However Oakley's, and in fact any anthropologist's, observation and participation within any culture carries the risk of influencing the behavior of the people are studying, resulting in an artificial vision of their world. In "Anthropology Today", Paul (1953) wrote that the researcher's social role in the field was a determining factor in the information that would be gathered. This is where contemporary researchers seemed to have learned from Malinowski and early anthropologists."

Tags:travelers, expeditions, role, demeanor, other

Abstract
This paper analyses the issue of the audit expectation gap and deals with a wide range of issues including the expectations of auditors on the behalf of companies and shareholders. The paper also addresses the evolving role of auditors and the problems associated with transparency and self regulation. A majority of the paper's content is set against the backdrop of many high profile scandals and accounting failures such as the Enron scandal. In the conclusion, the writer addresses the concept of an auditor in challenging a business model to represent the conflict of interest between independence and auditing duties and responsibilities.

Outline:
The Basics of Auditing
The Role of the Auditor
The Evolving Role of the Audit Firm
Independence as Brand
Transparency and Self-Regulation
Duty of Care and Industry Problems
Business Risk
Enron and Other High-profile Scandals
Conclusions

From the Paper
"As with all corporate legal entities there is a principal agent relationship, the principal being the owner of the business who is in absence and the agent who acts as the manager. As such the principal provides capital and provides a contingent reward to the agent. In return the agent is accountable to the principal for maximising long term profitability. Specifically from the financial auditing perspective, the principal has a responsibility to provide fair and accurate financial report to the principal. Eilidsen et al (2010) argues that information asymmetry and a conflict of interests leads to the possibility of a risk of misinformation being transmitted between agent and principal.
"In order to ensure that such misinformation does not ensue, an auditor is hired on the behalf of the agent who undertakes to assess the financial statements of a company and report on the validity of such statements with regard to the quality of information provided and to consider whether or not such statements have been prepared in accordance with the relevant laws and accounting standards. Despite the face that the auditor may be thus seen as working for the principal, the fact remains that in reality whilst the principal has the right to reject the choice of auditor the auditor or audit company will be chosen by the agent. As thus this may be seen as creating the first conflict of interest and the creation of the first key expectation which is that despite bringing hired by the agent, the auditor will work in an independent fashion which is free from bias and gives a report which is in the best interest of reducing the informational risk of the principal and others who wish to use the companies financial statements."

Tags:accounting, auditing, expectation, gap

Abstract
This paper examines how the authors Joseph Conrad, James Joyce and Tony Harrison present the issues of oppression and struggle, in a very realistic fashion through works such as "Heart of Darkness", "The Dubliners" and the poem "National Trust". The paper relates that the authors were able to do this because, either they had seen the oppression taking place first hand, or had felt the weight of it upon their shoulders, and these personal encounters with the issues allowed for emotive and highly sympathetic writing.

From the Paper
"Marlow's fascination with the extremely enigmatic Kurtz could very well stem from the fact that he seems to have reconciled his natures. On one side Kurtz has come to the Congo as an outsider in order to abuse it's resources for the company, just as the rest of the workers had. However, he also has become deeply affected by his journey, and unlike the other workers does not fear the native people or their uncivilized ways. The normally oppressive view of the white invader is to conquer and put in place Christian values and moral teaching, whereas Kurtz does the opposite; he learns their language, takes a foreign wife, and becomes highly important to them in their own culture. In this sense Kurtz becomes closer to his "primal nature" - similar to what Marlow feels upon hearing the drumbeats - which normally is oppressed."

Tags:National, Trust, Heart, Darkness, Dubliners

Abstract
The paper describes an observed teacher session and what the author learned from the observation. The paper further discusses the benefits of well-structured lessons and the necessity of a good rapport between the teachers and pupils.The paper also highlights the values of the cognitive approach vs. the psychomotor approach method and the results achieved applying these teaching methods. The paper stresses the importance of motivation and control.

Outline:
Delivery of manual handling awareness
Aspects of accommodation
Appropriate aims & objectives
Interaction with students
Motivation and control
Assessment of learning
Overview

From the Paper
"These were verbally related to the students via the lesson plan. The aim of the lesson was to enable all the students to understand the fundamentals of the moving and handling procedure, lifting techniques, and how to use them correctly, and also diagrams on what parts of the body were involved when moving and handling either a person or an object correctly. I found the teacher to be very clear and informative, delivering constructive guidance throughout the session."

Tags:teaching, Cognitive, Psychomotor, students, learning

Abstract
Archaebacteria discovered in 1977 by Dr Carl Woese, are still one of the most puzzling, widely studied and enigmatic forms of life on earth. This paper describes what archaea are, where they are found and their classification of them in relation to other organisms. It also contains tables and information on different classes of archaea and their current and potential uses in biotechnology.

From the Paper
"The main reason that Archaea are studied so widely is because of their remarkable properties. Morphologically they resemble Eubacteria and yet studies of their genetic makeup show that they may be more closely related to Eukaryotes. Like Eubacteria they are microscopic prokaryotes, however they have major biochemical differences. The first and most striking distinction between Archaea and Eubacteria is in the archaeal cell membrane. "

Tags:archaebacteria, crenarchaeota, eukaryota, euryarchaeota, halophiles, hyperthermophiles, korarchaeota, methanogens

Abstract
This paper examines many of the main pre-Socratic philosophers of 6th Century Greece. It explores their main strands of thought and their conceptions of the world around them. The paper also explores the different types of reasoning that were practised by different schools of philosophy, from more speculative angles progressing to critical thinking. The paper describes the philosophical foundations that were built upon by the later great philosophers Socrates, Aristotle and Plato.

From the Paper
"Abstract thought about the nature of the world and of human existence began to appear in cultures all over the world during the sixth century BCE, and Greek philosophy expressed its' ideas in three main ways. These were speculative thinking, practical thinking and critical thinking. Speculative thinking expressed human curiosity about the world, and strove to understand in natural (rather than super natural) terms how things really are, what their composition was and how they functioned. "Speculation or speculative thinking designates a knowledge or cognition that transcends experience and is directed at the spiritual, super-natural and divine, fundamental to experience" . Practical thinking emphasized the desire to guide conduct by comprehending the nature of life and the place of human beings and human behaviour in the greater scheme of reality and was "directed at moral, ethical and other practical issues" . Finally critical thinking, (the hallmark of philosophy itself) involved a careful examination of the foundations upon which thinking of any sort must rely, tried to achieve an effective method for assessing the reliability of positions adopted on significant issues. Philosophers in general wanted to simply take part in the "rational investigation of the truths and principles of being, knowledge, or conduct" . Similarly to Kant's critical philosophy, critical thought avoided both dogmatism and skepticism and tried to find a middle path that allowed it on the one hand to consider metaphysical principles as necessary constituents of a holistic philosophy and on the other, to re-think these principles on a different level or from another perspective, in the light of the latest insights in science, as well as in the light of the whole preceding development of mankind."

Tags:milesian, speculation, eleatic

Abstract
This paper looks at the significance of both the male and the female body to the societies of Western Christendom during the Medieval period. It discusses the body through the various stages of youth, manhood and womanhood, old age and finally death. It examines the medieval understanding and view of natural biological processes such as menstruation. The paper examines the medieval view of the 'eastern' man and discusses the views of emissions of the body, such as the body's smell and noise, with particular attention being paid to laughter. It also looks at the way that bodies are dressed and the use of perfume.

From the Paper
"The body was highly significant in the societies of western Christendom during the medieval period and was "central to the process of social classification according to categories of age, health, purity...which were regulated through constructed categories such as stigma and gender". However, whilst ecclesiastical influence was total over all aspects of the body and its behaviour, the enforcement of canonical law must not be overstated, due to the obvious difficulties in policing such infractions of laws on sex and nocturnal habits. The church was also not as morally rigid as has been assumed by many, and in fact during the medieval period in western Christendom, the church deemed that it was preferable to tolerate "behaviour that they disapproved of but that they perceived might meet some wider social need", with such behaviour including prostitution, some kinds of extra marital sex and other casual sexual liaisons."

Tags:classification, gender, ecclesiastical, influence

Abstract
The report focuses on the responsibilities of teachers and the various methods used to educate, motivate and stimulate students. It looks at a combination of roles to stimulate learning, such as being a guide, mentor and role model. It also comments on specific responsibilities and on the boundaries that must be set with regard to the teacher-student relationship.

Outline:
Introduction
Role of Teacher
Responsibilities
Boundaries
5. Conclusions

From the Paper
"The role of the teacher also embraces an awareness of the different theories of learning in order to help inform their own practice. Reece and Walker (2003) refer to the main theoretical branches of how people learn - behaviorist, humanistic and cognitivism and suggests that teachers should not stick to just one model but be adaptable and decide which model might best suit their student as well as integrating different aspects of these models at different times for different subjects and for different learning styles."

Tags:education, teaching, teachers