Abstract
The paper assesses in detail the degree to which neighborhood policing represents a major change from 'policing with the consent of the community' to 'policing by the community'. The paper argues that the very nature of this question indicates the degree to which community inclusion is viewed as essential to thinking on this issue. The paper concludes that, above all, the active inclusion of community forces in the approaches and concerns which direct policing practices in local communities personifies the extent to which fundamental change has occurred.

From the Paper
"In conclusion, both the theoretical foundation and practical application of neighbourhood policing have been discussed in detail. Above all, what is clear is that recent policy developments such as this have aimed primarily to engage and include the local community in anti crime measures. This then personifies the primary reason for the implementation of such policies. Nonetheless, the reasons which underlie this development are varied with the general wish is to instil collaboration and partnership in community policing in a way which gives local residents an active and integral role. Indeed, ensuring that such collaboration develops is essential not only for creating greater community confidence in policing services but also in the practical fight against crime. As such, the above discussion has highlighted the extent to which it is certainly possible to argue that neighbourhood policing measures represents a move away from policing with the consent of the community, to policing by the community. Naturally, the ultimate responsibility for anticrime measures remains entirely with the police, however, developments such as those outlined above clearly indicate the degree to which community participation and inclusion is now viewed as a vital part of policing."

Tags:foundation, policy, local, community, crime

Abstract
This paper examines the problems associated with prosecuting fraud under the English legal system. It highlights fraud as being of a very different nature to other crimes, and illustrates the problems associated with prosecuting fraud under the English legal system. The discussion argues that fraud is currently particularly hard to prosecute for a number of reasons. Firstly the discussion highlights a recent case of fraud that was detected by the organisation the Cheshire Building Society to illustrate just how hard fraud is to detect and how widespread and diverse it can be. This particular case has yet to go to trial but the identities and professions of the six people who have been charged, as well as there backgrounds, give us a clear indication of just how complicated such cases can be. The discussion then moves on to an overview of how fraud is dealt with by the UK legal system, in particular, highlighting the fact that there is no specific crime of fraud and that prosecution for such crimes often focuses on eliciting repayment rather than criminal charges.

From the Paper
"Fraud has increasingly become a more important issue within life in the UK, particularly as organised crime has started committing more and more fraud, and has used fraud as a means of raising funds for other aspects of their business, it has become more and more of an issue for the British police and therefore the legal system. However, by the admission of the police themselves, fraud is often particularly hard to detect. A recent press release from the Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO) stated that 'Mortgage fraud is attractive to criminals because of the current low risk of detection and high profit opportunities' (ACPO 2008 p.1). Therefore where there are organisations such as organised crime networks, fraud is a very popular way of making money because of the low risk. The same ACPO report also highlighted confirmed mortgaged fraud in 2007 of approximately L700m (ACPO 2008 p.2)."

Tags:white, collar, motivation, the, Cheshire, Building, Society

Abstract
Through an extensive literature review, this paper identifies the key components of workplace violence so that employers are able to design and develop effective preventive measures. Next, the author relates the unique characteristics and safety and security issues that each workplace has to face including employee selection, policies, training, hazard assessment, employee assistance, control and evaluation. The paper concludes by evaluating the effectiveness of workplace violence prevention programs both locally and internationally.

Table of Contents:
Table of Contents
Introduction
A Review of Related Literature
Identifying Workplace Violence
Workplace Violence Prevention Strategies
Screening and Selection
Policies and Procedures
Training for Supervisors and Employees
Employee Assistance
Hazard Assessment
Prevention and Control
Evaluation
The Effectiveness of Workplace Violence Prevention Programs

From the Paper
"Recognizing the need to intervene and prevent violence in the workplace has been explored extensively in literature. The labor sector and law enforcement agencies strive to enforce laws that prevent and minimize workplace violence. Workplace violence affects both employer and employees. Various workplace violence prevention programs aim to eliminate dysfunctional work environments. The characteristics of dysfunctional work environments include "unfair evaluation systems, inequitable compensation systems, favoritism, and/or lack of communication about decisions that directly affect the lives of individuals. Moreover, these types of work environments prevent employees from questioning management decisions or they are not considered an important component in the organization. Likewise, managers and leaders in these work environments often micromanage, abuse their position and power, use threats or intimidation, or have questionable ethical business practices. These types of management leadership combined with organizational culture make the work environment toxic.
"Effective workplace violence prevention strategies and programs should include six key elements namely, "management commitment and employee involvement, hazard assessment, hazard prevention and control, safety and health training, post-incident response, [and] program evaluation". Management and employee commitment should be present when creating and implementing workplace prevention programs. The management should provide support and resources to ensure the successful implementation of workplace violence prevention programs. Likewise, employees should be given every opportunity to participate in the crafting of workplace prevention programs."

Tags:behaviour, safety policies, counselling service, programmatic audit

Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts the merits of public and private prisons, identifying the challenges each sector faces and the relative merits of each approach to incarceration.

From the Paper
"A major shift in prison administration is the move made in many locales toward privatization described by the Alabama Policy Institute as a result of the dramatic increase in the number of individuals incarcerated ..."

Tags:prisons, privatization

Abstract
This paper relates that, although a gun culture in Britain lags far behind other countries, especially the United States, there has been a steady and disturbing increase in gun related crimes. Next, the author uses British government statistics and external academic studies to support this claim; however, the author warns that one must be careful not to exaggerate this increase as inadvertently has been done by the media. The paper stresses that gun crimes in Britain are mostly confined to geographical areas and demographic groups that display societal dysfunctions and problems, which lead to gun crimes.

From the Paper
"Alternately, powder pattern deposits approach the question of evidence gathering from a different perspective and as a consequence allows for different benefits to be derived. The firing of a gun results in various powder deposits leaving the gun itself. As such, if a gun is fired at a target that lies in close proximity then the powders that are omitted can land on the target itself. The powders themselves can consist of one or all of a variety of different substances including nitrate, lead and gunpowder and may be burned or unburned."

Tags:progression statistics, inner cities, media coverage, social factors

Abstract
This paper discusses the position of women in crime statistics using sociological theory and studies. It examines the social, economic and other factors that may contribute to the increasing numbers representing women in crime statistics. Consideration is also given to the problems of official statistics and the influence of 'male-stream' sociology on such a subject with reference to studies by Heidensohn, Pollak, Campbell and Box.

From the Paper
"When most people consider women and crime they normally do so according to the general consensus of women being the victims. In the same way as old and frail ladies, women, perhaps particularly young women, are viewed as a "high-danger" group and are generally thought to be more vulnerable and therefore more likely victims of crime. However when we consider the statistics, research, sociological theory and studies we realize that this is not necessarily the case; women are not always the victims and furthermore they are sometimes the actual perpetrators in criminal activity. Unlike topics such as the family, for which the preponderance of sociological research has been conducted by females, the sociological theories of crime are typically carried out by males, who, it could be argued, tend to focus more on the male experience of crime in their research. Male assumptions have therefore become rooted in the subject, which as Frances Heidensohn and other feminist sociologists argue, leads to a "gender blind" approach to sociology."

Tags:feminists, male, heidensohn, pollak, campbell, box

Abstract
The paper discusses how the contribution of a positivist methodology to criminology cannot be underestimated and how the very name criminology did not become common until the 1890?s and the rise of positivism. It looks at how the work of Cesare Lombroso established a new method of conducting criminal inquiry even though the work of Guerry and Quetelet on French crime statistics and social data had already introduced a positivistic approach into the study of crime especially with regard to the social links with criminal behaviour. It also explores how the work of the Italian School of Criminology (scula positiva) with people like Enrico Ferri used the methodology that Cesare Lombroso introduced but applied them to different areas of inquiry. It shows how this multi-factor scientific approach allowed the science of crime to develop and become an internationally recognised academic field and encouraged people all over the world to try and search for causal links between crime and various factors like poverty and education levels.

From the Paper
"The work of Lombroso was new and radical but what is more important to the development of positivism and its subsequent influence on modern criminology were the methods that he employed in his study. The scientific methods he used revolutionised the study of crime, his new model of approach sought to identify, categorise and measure differences between criminals. Lombroso published his findings in 1876 in L?Umo Delinquente (The Delinquent Mind) and his work and methods gave rise to a new international movement. The Italian School of Criminology (scula positiva) emerged and took the methodology of Lombroso and expanded upon them. The work of people such as Enrico Ferri according to David Garland, "showed a considerable diversity and eclecticism." The "French School" focused mainly upon the sociological and environmental determinants of crime and the "German School" included the study criminalistics and the development of new forensic techniques."

Tags:durkheim, lombroso, poverty, education

Abstract
This paper discusses the point of view of different schools and presents different case studies of social order maintenance. It describes recent developments in many fields and focuses on terrorism and white collar crimes. It also examines how military power can be used to maintain social order. The issues of censorship during Vietnam and other wars is discussed, as well as media representation and its effect on social order.

From the Paper
"In a model society each individual would strive selflessly for the common good. In reality, various tactics need be employed on behalf of those granted power and by the majority in order to maintain such social order, against deviants that threaten to undermine it. How social order is possible and how it is maintained has been one of the most fundamental questions of sociology since its beginning (Dittrich et al., 2003). The same, however, cannot be said for the study of crime since crime and criminology have not always raised concerns for the maintenance of social order, but rather looked at what individual aspects make some people deviant from the norms set by society."

Tags:collar, control, criminological, criminology, power, thories, white

Abstract
This essay takes a look at how crime is recorded in the British Crime Survey and criminal statistics. These are compared to see if the criminal statistics are a true level of the crime in Britain. This essay looks into the home office criminal statistics, the British crime survey and the police recorded crime statistics. These are then compared with what is the definition of crime, definitions of different forms of crime and the way in which they are reported.

From the Paper
"To examine the extent to which criminal statistics present a true record of the level of crime in Britain, it is imperative to research into what is the definition of "crime". How the Police Recorded Crime statistics and the British Crime Survey (BCS) record crime in Britain, and the ways that it is reported in the criminal statistics. It can be argued that not all crimes are recorded by the police; as a result it is essential to see how this affects the criminal statistics. Furthermore if there is not a requirement to report crime, for example insurance purposes, or there is a fear of reporting crimes it is imperative to consider crimes not reported to the police and how this also affects criminal statistics and if there is a way of discovering crimes not reported. It will subsequently be beneficial to compare and contrast criminal statistics and the level of crime in Britain to investigate if criminal statistics are a true record of the level of crime in Britain. (Tierney, 1996)"

Tags:criminal, offences, quantitative

Abstract
Many sexual predators have admitted that they cannot control their urges to sexually and violently abuse women and children. This paper advocates that more strict legislative measures are needed that would prevent vulnerable individuals from being raped, abused and possibly killed by essentially "incurable" predators. It puts forward the proposal that if people were assured a harsh punishment if they were to commit a crime, they would be less likely to be able to justify their criminal actions as being "worth the risk". It discusses the holes in current legislation and how offenders are often not required to undergo sex offender treatment or evaluation and they are released into the community without being forced to adhere to sex offender registration laws and evaluates Megan's law. Megan's Law refers to the series of laws introduced in New Jersey following the murder of seven year-old Megan Kanka who was kidnapped, raped and murdered by her neighbor, a twice convicted sex offender who had committed a similar crime only months before. It analyzes the increasing public awareness and concern about crime together with intense media focus on the issue.

From the Paper
"According to Princeton University professor John DeIulio, "almost half of the country's 671,000 parolees and probationers are caught committing serious new offenses within three years" (Feinsilber, 1997). Many sexual predators have admitted that they cannot control their urges to sexually and violently abuse women and children. For this reason we should not allow these dangerous criminals to terrorize our neighborhoods, schools and homes. It is therefore my contention that more strict legislative measures are needed that would prevent vulnerable individuals from being raped, abused and possibly killed by these essentially "incurable" predators."

Tags:child, deviants, law, legal, molesters, rapists, sexual, megan, criminals