Abstract
This essay explores the significance of society and how it may shape the individual. This is especially relevant in The Tempest as we see how different characters react to their placement in an unknown society. Similarly in Gawain, we see how a society with very different rules and traditions to our own affects the individual and his notions of himself. I also employ the thoughts of Literary theorists such as Saussure and also philosophers such as Freud and Marx.

Tags:benjamin, gogh, reproducibility, van, wilde

Abstract
This essay argues that the Russian revolution of 1905 was a protest against the Tsar's refusal to make political concessions, and that once the concessions were given, the revolution was doomed to failure. It argues that the opposition was disorganized and not united in its objectives, and that generally the people of Russia still revered the Tsar, despite his faults.

From the Paper
"On 9 January 1905, a worker's procession in St Petersburg calling for social and political reform was fired upon by panicked troops and two hundred people were killed. A resultant wave of strikes and protests across the country threatened to overthrow the monarchy; indeed, as most of the army was engaged in the war against Japan, the Tsar had little protection. Opposition to the Tsar had been building up for many years, and was made up of a broad range of political groups, including peasants and workers, moderates and revolutionaries, liberals and socialists."

Tags:1905, bloody, communist, duma, manifesto, nicholas, october, petersburg, revolution, russia, tsar, witte, russian

Abstract
An essay which discusses the different causes of the February Revolution. It argues that severe wartime conditions played a major role in the events of 1917, as did the actions of the Tsar himself. However, it also argues that the Russian people were modernizing faster than the regime itself, and suggests that change was necessary, with or without the war.

From the Paper
"Relatively few people in Russia felt that the 'constitution' of 1905 was adequate. Although at the time it had represented a major concession by the Tsar, in practice it did little to appease the Russian people. Stolypin's arbitrary use of Article 87, and the electoral law of 3 June 1907 caused many workers and peasants to lose interest in the Duma, as it no longer seemed to effectively promote their interests. Thus, before war broke out in 1914, workers, peasants, liberals and socialists all still sought political reform, and, as reform seemed unlikely through the Duma, revolution suggested a more viable means. The revolutionary intelligentsia was a lot more organized than it had been in 1905, particularly helped by relaxed censorship laws. An increase in primary education brought Pushkin, Tolstoy and Dostoevskii to the peasantry for the first time, and their ideas on nationhood were no longer restricted to the obshchestvennost, or 'public sphere'. Russian society was showing obvious signs of modernization, while the regime was not. Certainly Russia was not on the brink of revolution in 1914; nevertheless, had war not broken out, it still seems likely that revolution would have happened at some point regardless. What the War provided was the weakening of the Tsarist regime, and thus the encouragement to defy it. The authority of the Tsar was paramount to the survival of the regime; hence, traditionally 'peasants had often responded in an excitable and rebellious way to the authorities' perceived weakness' . This was an echo of 1905, when war with Japan had led to revolution. Furthermore, the War changed the character of the Revolution, as it was no longer solely about political and social reform, but about the survival of the nation. In some respects this delayed the Revolution, as many potential revolutionaries felt that a revolution during wartime could lead to the loss of the War. Others felt that unless the Tsar was overthrown quickly the War would be lost, which added a sense of urgency to the revolutionary movement. Finally, the War introduced a new element among the ranks of the revolutionaries: the army. Soldiers and workers had failed to work together in 1905, and this partly explains why the Tsar managed to survive for a further twelve years. In 1917, however, mutinous troops played a pivotal role, and their involvement empowered the revolutionaries, especially the more radical elements. Hence, although revolution seemed inevitable to many contemporaries, the First World War added new impetus to the revolutionary movement, radicalizing its protagonists, and thus shaping its very outcome."

Tags:bolshevik, communist, duma, germany, lenin, soviet, trotsky, tsar, union, world

Abstract
This essay argues that although the mining magnates had a significant part to play in the build up to the South African War (1899-1902), the underlying causes of the war were the respective governments of Britain and the Transvaal. The paper shows that Joseph Chamberlain, Alfred Milner and C.J. Rhodes may have all contributed, but the cause of the war was greater than the actions of individuals and was the result of regional rivalry and governmental policy.

From the Paper
"As with all the principal actors involved in Transvaal politics preceding the Boer War, the gold-mining magnates certainly had a part to play in its causes. Indeed, it would be a difficult task to attribute the Boer War to a single actor, as each of the main contributors played a significant role. Most histories instead attempt to single out the primary driving force behind the war. Since the end of the war different analyses have focused on different issues; the gold-mining magnates, the respective governments in London or Pretoria, the role of the Uitlanders, the individual actions of actors such as Kruger, Milner, Rhodes or Chamberlain, and international financiers. The problem with assigning too much significance to one of these actors is that none of them were in complete control of the situation, and all relied, at least in part, upon the actions of others. Nevertheless, solely naming the different factors achieves little; it is important to try to root out the principal force. Certainly, although it now seems unlikely that the gold-mining magnates were the primary cause of the Boer War, they played an important role, even after the Jameson Raid in 1895."

Tags:jameson, transvaal, uitlanders, kruger

Abstract
In this article, the writer outlines the effects and impact of town planning on wider concerns. This is achieved by briefly highlighting the basic tenets of town planning and the manner in which differing models understand the issue. This is followed by an assessment of the factors that make the impact of town planning difficult to measure. However, the final section of the piece offers various methods for accurately understanding the impact of town planning by using a wider theoretical foundation for analysis.

From the Paper
"Outside the CBD is what is called the inner city area. Traditionally in Britain, this is where the main industrial complexes were established. Due to the decline in manufacturing and heavy industry in the mid and latter 20th century the majority of these have disappeared, but much of the housing used the provide homes for the workers remains. Next are the suburbs, which are mainly the result of housing programmes from the inter war years, and were a consequence of increased transport and communication links with the CBD. At the extremities of the town are the rural urban fringes, again a consequence of higher quality transport availability to the centre of the town. Built largely in the post 1945 period, space and luxury are often deemed vital considerations in the development process."

Tags:property, space, buildings, suburbs

Abstract
The paper discusses the current global financial crisis in terms of identifying the fundamentals that caused this crisis and the nature of the crisis and the issues at stake. The paper invokes a certain degree of financial and economic theory in an attempt to analyze the pressing concerns in this crisis and the measures being suggested to tackle those concerns.

From the Paper
"To understand this housing bubble one needs to know that for several years after the dotcom bubble the housing and plot prices in US soared and started seeing a correction in 2005-2006 which led economists to confirm the conclusion that housing prices were rising to unsustainable levels. Yale economist Robert Schiller argued that "Once stocks fell (after the dotcom era), real estate became the primary outlet for the speculative frenzy that the stock market had unleashed" . Now it is imperative to understand that these sub-prime loans are categorized as "sub-prime" for the very reason that they are lent out to borrowers who do not qualify for loans on market interest rates; simple economic theory about risk premium being applied when lending to these types of borrowers."

Tags:simple, economic, theory, mortgaged, houses, psychological, level, investors

Abstract
This paper is on the Wetlands and the effects civilization is having on them. The author contends that there exists a need for action, through the use of education, and federal/ locally sponsored programs. He fears that without major steps, and an increase in federal protection, we may reach a point at which we are too late, and serious damage to the Wetlands will be done.

From the Paper
"Wetlands" is the collective term for marshes, swamps, bogs, and similar areas found in generally flat vegetated areas, in depressions in the landscape, and between dry land and water along the edges of streams, rivers, lakes, and coastlines. Because they are so varied, wetlands can be difficult to recognize. Many have been altered by human activities such as farming, ranching, and the building of roads, dams, and towns. Yet their importance is critical is the proper functioning and balance of our many ecosystems."

Tags:environment, epa, protection, water

Abstract
This paper discusses the two contrasting theories regarding gender differences in speech: the Dominance approach and the Difference approach, by reference to Deborah Tannen?s study "You Just Don?t Understand: Women and Men in Conversation" and West and Zimmerman?s study "Sex Roles, Interruptions and Silences in Conversation". The paper critically evaluates these positions and considers explanations for the differences in male and female languages usage. In conclusion, the paper reviews possible strategies to decrease the confusion, frustration and hurt that is caused by men and women?s contrasting speech styles.

From the Paper
"A wide range of socio-linguistic research shows that men and women do use speech in different ways. Yet interpretations of these differences, and arguments concerning what causes them are complex and varied. The two main stances taken when analyzing gender and language are a Dominance approach or a Difference approach, with some linguists taking a position somewhere in between the two. This paper evaluates two studies that demonstrate a Difference and a Dominance approach and explores the different ways in which they analyze gender differences in speech."

Tags:feminist, sociolinguistics, speech, tannen, west, zimmerman

Abstract
This paper describes the U.S. policy of containment and follows it from its inception just after the Second World War to the end of the Cold War with the fall of the Soviet Union. It looks at the different policies that in themselves helped to make up the policy of containment, such as the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan. Also, all of the major conflicts in which this policy was employed are examined along with the ramifications of its employment. The paper spans seven presidencies and examines how the policy changed and adapted to the changing domestic attitudes of the time and the outlook of the president at the time.

From the Paper
"With a change in the administration came a change in how the Cold War was fought and how the policy of containment was adapted to the contemporary political environment. The Kennedy/Johnson years of 1961-69 were characterised by a 'flexible response strategy' and Kennedy's 'New Frontier' strategy focused on two things, MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction) and the battle for hearts and minds and the capabilities of the Third World. The highpoint of the Kennedy administration and of containment under his administration was the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, where the fate of the world was balanced on a knife edge during the heated confrontations and negotiations between Kennedy and Soviet premier Khrushchev. "

Tags:Truman, Doctrine, Marshall, Plan, Domino, Theory, Cuban, Missile, Crisis, Vietnam, Korea

Abstract
The media has a large effect on society as a whole and there has been an increase in media exposure over the years. The thin, waif-like look is seen as the ideal, a standard for women to be measured against. The paper shows that women are under lots of pressure to conform to the ideals of society and the majority of women are on diets or have dieted at some point in their life. This leads to low self esteem and poor body image, which is a precipitating factor in eating disorders. This essay discusses whether the media is the catalyst for preoccupation with slimness and a major contributor to eating disorders in young women.

From the Paper
"The media is often quoted as a scapegoat for the increase in eating disorders. Linda Grant's opinion is that: "Women don't set out to become anorexic, they begin by thinking they're too fat because everywhere they go the media is telling them that they are right" (Barrett, 1997). This assumes that the causes of eating disorders are simply triggered by an individual feeling overweight, which is not the case. Eating disorders have many causes, some evidence suggests that an eating disorder can exist without this pathological fear of being overweight (Lai, 2000). If these effects of the media are obvious then why is it that only 1-3% of women suffer from an eating disorder? "

Tags:anorexia, bulimia