Abstract
This paper analyzes the William Robinson murder case, and argues that Tom, the Indian convicted of murdering William Robinson, was innocent and that Griffiths, a local white settler was responsible for all three African-Canadian murders on the island. All the factual information from the trial is tied together with the idea that Salt Spring Island was a racist community, that encouraged only white prosperity and settlement.

From the Paper
"For the settlers of nineteenth century Canada, discrimination and racial conflict played a large role in the judicial system. In a case on Salt Spring Island, off the coast of British Columbia, a black man, William Robinson, was murdered and an Indian man, Tom, was convicted with very little supporting evidence. The racial politics of the era caused the settlers to form opinions that were not supported with facts, but that would enhance their lives on the settlement. Convicting a prominent white settler of the murders he committed, that happened to benefit the entire community, was not a high priority for the settlers. They viewed the Natives as a threat to the stability of their colony, and convicting them of crimes was far easier than petitioning for their removal (which they had attempted with no success). By convicting an Indian they sent a strong message to the Native communities surrounding them, and rid themselves of what was commonly viewed as a parasite of society. At that time many Indians were executed for crimes against the settlers, and later some were found to be innocent of the crimes they were charged with . The number of Natives convicted of crimes led the settlers to assume William Robinson's murderer was Indian."

Tags:british, canada, canadian, columbia, history, vancouver, african, indian, innocent, guilty

Abstract
The escaped slaves who fled through the Underground Railroad to Canada hardly found the promised land they might have sought or expected, but their experience in Canada was invariably better than they had had as slaves in the South or as frightened and endangered fugitives in the North. The paper shows that, at its worst, Canada offered a more free and humane life than did the South under the horrors of slavery. Canada itself was never a major player in the slave trade, although slavery was legal in the nation until well into the 19th century. The paper shows that Canada outlawed slavery more than twenty-five years before it was declared illegal in the United States, and its outlawing did not cause the national division it caused in the United States. The paper discusses how the "promised land" of Canada was still marked by racism and resistance to the influx of slaves fleeing the United States. While some blacks returned to the United States after the Civil War and the end of slavery, many remained in Canada and both benefited from the better conditions in that country (even after the end of slavery in the United States) and contributed to the culture and society of their new nation, Canada. The paper includes an annotated bibliography.

From the Paper
"There is no doubt that a great number of slaves fled to Canada in the hope of finding a better life, which they did indeed find. The greatest period of flight to Canada by slaves was the decade from 1850 to just before the start of the Civil War. For example, the black population of New Brunswick doubled to 1600 in the decade in question, and by 1861 blacks in Nova Scotia made up 2% of the population and Canada West's black population had quadrupled from a decade earlier (St. James 1). Clearly, this is a sign that life in Canada was indeed an improvement over life under slavery in the United States or even over life in the North as runaway slaves. If this had not been the case, and if life were not much better in Canada, news would have reached either the fugitive slaves or their helpers in the Underground Railroad in the United States and immigration to Canada would have ceased or been reduced significantly."

Tags:Fugitive, Slave, Act, Dawn, Settlement, Mary, Ann, Shadd, Edward, Hicks

Abstract
This paper examines the rush to settle the Canadian Prairies after 1896. Initially, the 'traditional' explanation of the National Policy's role is presented. Subsequently, criticisms of this explanation and alternative factors are examined.

Abstract
This essay examines the events leading up to and including the Red River Rebellion and the effects it has had on Canadian culture as a whole. It is also examined with respect to the role of Louis Riel and the effects it has had on Metis culture and natives.

From the Paper
"The Red River Metis' conflicts with other settlers and the Canadian government were largely a result of the existence of a "half-breed" settlement. Historian George Stanley once described Metis people as "having darker skin than a white person but otherwise quite similar to Europeans. In all respectability, they are like civilized men, not more uneducated, immoral, or disorderly than many communities in the old world."1 During the first stage of Metis discontent leading up to the rebellion at Red River, between the years of 1830 and 1850, the unrest among the Metis was largely a result of economic concern due to crop failures and the trade monopoly of the Hudson's Bay Company.2 During this period, the Canadian government did little in the way of aiding the people of Red River. The second stage of Metis discontent occurred between the years of 1850 and 1869, the years immediately preceding the uprising against the Canadian government. The reason for discontent during this period was rooted in racial and social concerns of the Metis.3 The Metis during this period believed they were being pushed out of their own land, their own unique culture that they had developed to make room for other settlers to occupy their land. The Metis viewed this as an insult against their abilities, and their culture as a whole. The first period of discontent led to the eventual dismantling of the Hudson Bay Company's monopoly and the second era of discontent led to the insurrection of 1869 under Louis Riel."

Tags:canada, history, louis, manitoba, native, oppression, riel, rights

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to provide an overarching examination of not only the historical evolution of Quebec nationalism but also the implications that this nationalist fervor has for the future of federalism in Canada and the possibility of an independent Quebec nation. The writer notes that nationalism in Quebec is part of a long political, social, and cultural tradition.

From the Paper
"In the span of the twentieth century, Canada as a nation has witnessed and endured any number of historical events that have had a profound influence and impact on Canadian society. Leaders came and went; social policies were enacted; traditional conservatism was replaced with neo-conservatism. Arguably, though, one of the greatest and most consistent forces in twentieth century Canadian politics has been the rising authority of Quebec nationalism and the threat it represents to a cohesive Canadian federalism."

Tags:quebec, nationalism, history

Abstract
This paper examines how, since the 1980s, the idea of Aboriginal sovereignty has been a subject of growing debate in Canada and how centrally at issue is the dispute over Aboriginal rights. It discusses how there is a contrast between traditional Aboriginal values and those of modern-day society and how within Canada there exists a prevailing tension between Aboriginals and non-Aboriginals on many levels. It analyzes how the government is in need of serious revision and why some Canadians feel that the only solution to the crisis the Aboriginal peoples presently find themselves in is some form of Aboriginal sovereignty. It shows how these Canadians believe that the best way to address the crisis is to have First Nations peoples control their own destiny through self-determination in order to confront current challenges successfully and ultimately lead to a greater state of well-being for its peoples.

From the Paper
"In addition to the Indian Act, which was subsequently amended multiple times, other influential policy documents were developed including the Statement of the Government of Canada on Indian Policy (1969), also known as the White Paper and Citizens Plus (1970) which "presents a counter-policy written by the Union of Alberta Indians, a treaty Indian group, in reaction to the federal document" (41) and called for Aboriginal self-determination. The White Paper's aim "was to outline a strategy that would integrate Indian peoples into mainstream society" (43). Conversely, "The guiding principles for economic development, proposed in Citizens Plus, suggest a reliance on a combination of government assistance and private enterprise [in order to] make reserve communities into centers of profitable and productive private industry" (49)."

Tags:first, nations, government, genocide, culture, religion

Abstract
This paper is concerned with tracing the relationship between place and history - both real and figurative - in Alistair MacLeod's novel, "No Great Mischief" about immigrant experiences in Canada, particularly those of his Scottish ancestors. It looks at how MacLeod draws on physical and figurative representations of space in order to locate his central protagonist's sense of identity within his community and in his new homeland. It also shows how in doing this, MacLeod is inscribing a history for the MacDonalds on the Canadian landscape, whilst also exploring ideas expressed in settler theories regarding displacement and/or mimicry of the First Nations of Canada.

From the Paper
"The relationship of history to place is also indicated as a global issue in a discussion between an American and Alexander about Ukrainians in Canada. The American is staunchly convinced that the Ukraine is Russian, based on a map he had viewed years ago. His resistance to accepting that borders are constructs that shift according to the processes of history betrays the mindset of one who lives in a dominant culture (in this instant, the neo-colonial United States) that is interested in boundaries cast on the model of the core and periphery. "Lines are lines, right? Either they're there or they're not. There aren't any Ukrainians. They're Russians." The Ukrainians' identity is therefore denied by this American's hegemonic discourse of history."

Tags:canada, highlands, history, immigrant, mimicry, postcolonialism, scottish, settler, theory

Abstract
This paper considers the state of theater in Canada and Winnipeg prior to the creation of the Manitoba Theater Center in 1958, looking at the goals of the Massey Commission in promoting the development of a Canadian culture. It also looks at the intentions of Theater 77 and the Winnipeg Little Theater in their merger to become the Manitoba Theater Center. The main body of the analysis is concerned with the mandate of the Manitoba Theater Center. Finally, consideration is also given to an additional fourth goal introduced later in the Center's history that was concerned with encouraging the production of Canadian plays.
Outline
Introduction
Setting the Scene: The State of Theatre in Canada and Winnipeg and the Establishment of the Manitoba Theatre Centre
Goal A
Goal B
Goal C
Goal D
The Legacy and Prospects for the Centre as it Entered the 1980s

From the Paper
"Canadian theater, in the 1950s, consisted mostly of amateur societies, with professional theater only really finding a niche in Toronto. The Massey Commission Report of 1951 was concerned with the state of Canadian culture and its tendency to import art from other cultural centers, such as New York and London. The Massey Commission's Report outlined steps to create a government body that would grant funds to art programmes to promote a national culture. Such a concern had been similarly expressed by other major figures in Canadian theater, some of whom had suggested that if the state of the theater were to improve, it would require a national theater that would tour the country with several permanent provincial theater buildings to house professional productions (Massey 55). "

Tags:arts, commission, identity, massey, Winnipeg

Abstract
This paper shows the positive and negative effects of the Age of Discovery on the society of the time. The European population largely enjoyed the positive benefits - exposure to new cultures and open trade routes, new goods and advanced technology. The negative impacts were felt by the populations who were "discovered" for the first time by the Europeans.

From the Paper
"Not unlike the way the "race for the moon" became the driving force of American scientific exploration during the 1950's and 1960's, the race to control the trade routes to the far reaches of the globe and to expand its technological knowledge of navigation became the driving force of Spanish foreign and domestic policy during the period of world history from the 15th to the 17th centuries. This period is also commonly called "The Age of Discovery" by European historians. The economic impact of Spain's forays into the New World or worlds ultimately changed the face of European knowledge of the world and the economic structure of Europe. Both the residents of Spain and Europe as a whole, however, experienced both positive and negative effects of this exploration. However, the effects upon Europe were on the whole largely beneficial, because of the increased exposure to new goods and the expansion of technology and knowledge that came as a result of colonization and exploration. However, the impact upon the existing inhabitants of the New World was largely negative."

Tags:europe, spain, portugal, discovery, technology, inhabitants, colonization, exploration, islam, christianity

Abstract
The study takes a broad exploratory approach to studying issues of identity in the Japanese community in Canada. Chapter I traces the historical settlement of Japanese-Canadians in Canada with reference to how Canada?s changing attitudes on dealing with immigrants has affected the way in which Japanese-Canadians perceive themselves. Chapter II researches the relationship between language and identity. Chapter III looks at two types of modern day Japanese in Canada. First, a young student studying at MIT is used as a real life case study. Second, various fictional depictions of Japanese-Canadians are used to delve deeper into issues of Japanese identity. The subject matter has not yet been specifically covered in detail by academia (although it has rather more so by fictional writing). Available sources are analyzed closely to try to uncover trends in identity. Sources used vary from academic works (both Japanese and Canadian) on history, sociology, politics, linguistics and psychology; through to personal journal entries and fictional works concerning Japanese identity written by Japanese-Canadian authors.

Introduction
The History Of Japanese-Canadians & Canadian Immigration Policy 1877-2003
The Relationship Between Language And The Formation Of Ethnic Identity
The Real And Illusory Modern Japanese-Canadian
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Thus, using Bourdieu's analysis, it is theoretically possible to apply it to the situation of Japanese-Canadians to try to delve deeper into their ethnic self-identity and individual make-up. However, there are various flaws when trying to apply Bourdieu's work. First, Bourdieu interviewed his participants in some depth for his study in order to get a detailed profile of each. This variety of data about Japanese-Canadians is not currently available for this thesis and would need to be obtained first-hand (see "Recommendations" in Conclusion). Second, and more importantly, it is not possible to apply the same analysis intended for a Western, European nation such as France to a complex, Oriental nation such as Japan that prides itself on its "unique" ethnic identity and 90% middle-class (which, if true, renders analysis using economic capital as a variable useless anyhow)."

Tags:conformity, deviance, family, group, individualism, society