Abstract
This paper discusses the dynamics of systemic or institutional racism that maintain white privilege. The paper presents a critical view of US/UK bedrock of theory, when discussing Canadian phenomenon. The paper presents fieldwork which reveals that most homeless persons in a Toronto facility were 'white' and when speaking with a white mentally ill vagrant man, it was realized that his 'privilege' did not mean any institution was responsible for him.

From the Paper
"`Whiteness', Institutional Racism, and `White Privilege'. Course materials indicating institutional racism pertain most often to British or American examples, and employing a jargon of `privilege' that is interesting to examine in relation to contemporary Canada. One is to assume that the situations of these quite strongly racist societies are pertinent to Canada, in which racism certainly exists, but in a condition not to be compared with what is encountered in the others. Should we be examining institutional racism and white privilege in Australia, for instance, or other communal distinctions in India, or in Israel? An interesting approach is taken in John Hartigan's discussion of the American case, in reference to `rednecks', `hillbillies' and `white trash', as marked racial subjects. (2003: 95-111) "

Tags:whiteprivilege, uk/usatheory, race

Abstract
This paper reviews the defining characteristics of the Canadian government's public policies regarding immigration and settlement in recent years, and the emphasis upon the economic value to Canada of immigrants and immigration. This essay argues, that if one examines Canadian immigration and settlement policy in a larger historical context, one can recognize how both racism and sexism have been played important roles as primary factors in shaping these policies.

Tags:canada, race, immigration

Abstract
The paper examines the novel, "Halfbreed" by Maria Campbell, an autobiography where Campbell describes the struggles of her life centered around her being a halfbreed, a half-Indian and half-white person, rejected by both the Indian and the white people. The paper shows that cruelty and kindness are important themes of Campbell's story. Firstly, there is the human cruelty of discrimination, represented by the acts of the people. Secondly, it describes the cruelty of society, where society oppresses people. Finally, the paper discusses a belief in human kindness that allows Campbell to overcome the struggles, with the writing of the autobiography an act of reaching out to the people who have discriminated against her and offering them the opportunity to understand the cruelty of their ways and choose to change these ways.

From the Paper
"Campbell shows that it is the basis of society that is responsible for the treatment of the halfbreeds. The halfbreeds are homeless because the government took their land from them, forcing them to live in poverty. Their culture was never accepted, instead they were expected to fit into the Canadian culture. This separated the halfbreeds from the rest of society, forcing them to be seen as outcasts. Campbell expresses this process when she says recalls her grandmother's words, "My Cheechum used to tell me that when the government gives you something, they take all that you have in return - your pride, your dignity, all the things that make you a living soul.""

Tags:poverty, social, outcast, prostitution, Canadian

Abstract
A significant portion of those over 60 in Canada, predominantly those living alone, lives below the Statistics Canada low-income cut-off. This has a significant impact on their health and increases the demands that they place on the health care system. This discussion identifies the extent of poverty amongst the elderly, its implications for future government health care policy and the inadequacy of government responses to this point.

Abstract
This short essay explores the story 'Growing Up Native' by Canadian First Nations' writer, Carol Geddes. This paper discusses how in her story she discusses the effects of the Alaskan highway, missionaries, alcohol and drug abuse had on her community and herself, but also offers hope.

Tags:canadian, native, education

Abstract
This paper evaluates Barbara Murphy's argument in "The Ugly Canadian: The Rise and Fall of a Caring Society".

From the Paper
This paper discusses of potential the actuality problems that have developed in the Canandian culture.

Abstract
Canada is internationally recognized as a culturally diverse nation that emphasizes the concept of "The Mosaic." No other country in the world encompasses inhabitants from so many different backgrounds who exhibit strong loyalty towards Canada, while still preserving their cultural heritage. This is contrasted to the American ideal of the "Melting Pot," which attempts to shape all of their citizens into a set mold. Canada's philosophy is believed to be more effective and respectful than that which is possessed by our American neighbors. The following discusses the advantages and disadvantages of both approaches, and analyzes the impact of the structures on each country's society.

From the Paper
"Canada is world renown for being one of the most tolerant, welcoming, and democratic countries in the world - a dynamic mosaic of multiculturalism where people live and work together in harmony. Over the past 150 years, more than 14 million people have immigrated to Canada, with 16% of the 30 million citizens being first-generation immigrants. The Government of Canada is committed to a policy of diversity designed to preserve and enhance the multicultural heritage of Canadians, while striving to achieve equality in the economic, social, cultural and political aspects of Canada. In 1991, the Department of Multiculturalism and Citizenship conducted a survey, which revealed high levels of Canadian values and identity. Six out of ten interviewees portrayed a "deep emotional attachment to Canada" and 95% believe they can be proud of being a citizen and of their ancestry simultaneously. As a nation, Canada is continually becoming more diverse in its practices, which requires residents to expand their knowledge and appreciate other cultures."

Tags:americans, ancestry, canadian, citizen, country, culture, democratic, diversification, ethics, foreign, globalization, government, heritage, identity, canada

Abstract
This paper analyzes the William Robinson murder case, and argues that Tom, the Indian convicted of murdering William Robinson, was innocent and that Griffiths, a local white settler was responsible for all three African-Canadian murders on the island. All the factual information from the trial is tied together with the idea that Salt Spring Island was a racist community, that encouraged only white prosperity and settlement.

From the Paper
"For the settlers of nineteenth century Canada, discrimination and racial conflict played a large role in the judicial system. In a case on Salt Spring Island, off the coast of British Columbia, a black man, William Robinson, was murdered and an Indian man, Tom, was convicted with very little supporting evidence. The racial politics of the era caused the settlers to form opinions that were not supported with facts, but that would enhance their lives on the settlement. Convicting a prominent white settler of the murders he committed, that happened to benefit the entire community, was not a high priority for the settlers. They viewed the Natives as a threat to the stability of their colony, and convicting them of crimes was far easier than petitioning for their removal (which they had attempted with no success). By convicting an Indian they sent a strong message to the Native communities surrounding them, and rid themselves of what was commonly viewed as a parasite of society. At that time many Indians were executed for crimes against the settlers, and later some were found to be innocent of the crimes they were charged with . The number of Natives convicted of crimes led the settlers to assume William Robinson's murderer was Indian."

Tags:british, canada, canadian, columbia, history, vancouver, african, indian, innocent, guilty

Abstract
The escaped slaves who fled through the Underground Railroad to Canada hardly found the promised land they might have sought or expected, but their experience in Canada was invariably better than they had had as slaves in the South or as frightened and endangered fugitives in the North. The paper shows that, at its worst, Canada offered a more free and humane life than did the South under the horrors of slavery. Canada itself was never a major player in the slave trade, although slavery was legal in the nation until well into the 19th century. The paper shows that Canada outlawed slavery more than twenty-five years before it was declared illegal in the United States, and its outlawing did not cause the national division it caused in the United States. The paper discusses how the "promised land" of Canada was still marked by racism and resistance to the influx of slaves fleeing the United States. While some blacks returned to the United States after the Civil War and the end of slavery, many remained in Canada and both benefited from the better conditions in that country (even after the end of slavery in the United States) and contributed to the culture and society of their new nation, Canada. The paper includes an annotated bibliography.

From the Paper
"There is no doubt that a great number of slaves fled to Canada in the hope of finding a better life, which they did indeed find. The greatest period of flight to Canada by slaves was the decade from 1850 to just before the start of the Civil War. For example, the black population of New Brunswick doubled to 1600 in the decade in question, and by 1861 blacks in Nova Scotia made up 2% of the population and Canada West's black population had quadrupled from a decade earlier (St. James 1). Clearly, this is a sign that life in Canada was indeed an improvement over life under slavery in the United States or even over life in the North as runaway slaves. If this had not been the case, and if life were not much better in Canada, news would have reached either the fugitive slaves or their helpers in the Underground Railroad in the United States and immigration to Canada would have ceased or been reduced significantly."

Tags:Fugitive, Slave, Act, Dawn, Settlement, Mary, Ann, Shadd, Edward, Hicks

Abstract
This study takes an unusual, exploratory approach to studying issues of identity in the Japanese community in Canada. It looks at two types of modern day Japanese in Canada. First, a young student studying at MIT is used as a real life case study. Second, various fictional depictions of Japanese-Canadians are used to delve deeper into issues of Japanese identity.

From the Paper
"Thus, using Bourdieu's analysis, it is theoretically possible to apply it to the situation of Japanese-Canadians to try to delve deeper into their ethnic self-identity and individual make-up. However, there are various flaws when trying to apply Bourdieu's work. First, Bourdieu interviewed his participants in some depth for his study in order to get a detailed profile of each. This variety of data about Japanese-Canadians is not currently available for this study and would need to be obtained first-hand. Second, and more importantly, it is not possible to apply the same analysis intended for a Western, European nation such as France to a complex, Oriental nation such as Japan that prides itself on its "unique" ethnic identity and 90% middle-class (which, if true, renders analysis using economic capital as a variable useless anyhow)."

Tags:botchan, joy, kogawa, natsume, obasan, soseki