Abstract
This paper discusses the ongoing debate in society regarding animal testing. The author examines the guidelines for experimentation on animals, modern methods, and discusses the pros and cons of experimenting on animals for human benefit.

From the Paper
"Are the ways that science researches with animals to find cures to today's problems ethical, or is it simply an excuse for animal cruelty? Animal testing is a crucial part of finding cures to diseases and other problems that plague today's society. Animals have been the subjects of tests since the early eighteen hundreds in order to try to find cures to common problems back then. Humans test all kinds of products on animals no matter how it harms the animals. There are valid reasons for testing some products on animals. However, I think that some of the methods used are unethical. Is maliciously harming an animal ethical if it helps the human race?"

Tags:business, paper, rights, society, laboratory

Abstract
"The Hot Zone," by Richard Preston, outlines the history of the three filoviruses: Marburg, Ebola Sudan, and Ebola Zaire. The account consists of scientific information about the viruses, portrayals of the earliest victims, and descriptions of the medical procedures used to counteract the viruses.

From the Paper
" "The Hot Zone," by Richard Preston, outlines the history of the three filoviruses: Marburg, Ebola Sudan, and Ebola Zaire. The account consists of scientific information about the viruses, portrayals of the earliest victims, and descriptions of the medical procedures used to counteract the viruses. The bulk of the book deals with the outbreak of what appeared to be Ebola Zaire at a primate facility on the outskirts of Washington, D.C., and the actions undertaken by the United States Army to contain the situation.

Early in 1980, a Frenchman living alone near Mount Elgon in western Kenya traveled to Kitum Cave; seven days later, he became extremely ill. By the time he arrived at Nairobi Hospital, his internal organs had become obstructed with blood clots, and his brain had begun to "liquefy," eradicating his personality (14)."

Abstract
The discussion in this paper centers around two important questions proposed in the novel: "With man gone, will there be hope for gorilla?" and "With gorilla gone, will there be hope for man?" This paper examines what the author, Daniel Quinn, attempts to tell us through these questions. It is doubtless that no shortcut to advancing toward the better community of life exists. Finally, the paper concludes that people should spread the belief that the world isn't made for us takers, and takers are not exempt from the law of life but belong to the community of life.

From the Paper
"The world has been dominated by those people who admire civilization or " takers" as the author, Quinn (1992), calls them in this book Ishmael. Takers' ideology is "the world was made for man to conquer and rule, and under human rule it was meant to become a paradise" (Quinn, 1992, p. 82) and has been supported by people everywhere in the world. To them, it appears that takers' lives, which center around civilization, technology and productiveness, has been the greatest, the most efficient and the only right way to live."

Tags:after, agriculturalists, agriculture, anthropology, beyond, civilization, companion, cultural, Dachau

Abstract
An opinion paper that discusses current debates on animal testing, problems with animal testing, alternatives and how regulation can be improved.

From the Paper
"Animal testing has become a hot topic in the last few decades as more and more animal rights & awareness issues have entered the world stage. From a variety of backgrounds, groups have rallied to the cause of animals around the world that are involved in drug testing, cosmetic testing, and a number of different experimental situations. The most hotly contested issue has been drug testing, where the development of potentially human life-saving substances is weighed against the life of these animals. Recent scientific research has been working hard to increase the accuracy and usage of alternative testing methods."

Tags:animal, pets, rights, controversial, drug, human, benefit, experiment, scient, cosmetic

Abstract
This paper discusses how research on memory in non-human primates has demonstrated remarkable similarities and abilities in both humans and other primates. It looks at how non-human primates have brains similar to our own and it has been demonstrated that they can be conditioned and trained in certain areas of knowledge such as, sign language, that have traditionally been thought of as skills only human beings possess. It also examines how research on non-human primates focuses on tasks such as, object recognition, and categorization skills, and compares them to how humans perform on the same tasks.

From the Paper
"One approach is called the Comparative Cognition approach. Animal studies conducted from this approach focus on similar behaviors in animals and humans in order to determine similarities and differences in motivation, and meaning of the behaviors. Rilling and Neiworth argue that Comparative Cognition acts as an intermediary between theories of cognitive functioning and memory that are biased towards the study of memory in humans, and theories that focus entirely on memory in animals (Rilling, and Neiworth, 1986). Another perspective by which memory is studied in non-human primates is the biological appoach in which issues regarding biology and memory in animals are studied. Finally, memory in animals can be studied in terms of the Information Processing approach, an approach that focuses on how either humans, or animals process information. "

Tags:object, recognition, categorization, skills, Comparative, Cognition

Abstract
This paper describes how in 1896, Edward D. Cope first published his law of phylogenetic increase which states that body size and longevity tend to increase during the evolutionary history of a lineage. It shows how this seems to be true for most animal groups, with only a few notable exceptions. It examines how the advantages of having a larger body size are numerous and attempts to establish whether possessing a large body size confers advantage not just ecologically, in the short-term, but also in a long-term evolutionary sense.

From the Paper
"It is true, and seems obvious, that large animals make better predators. This is because if an animal is considerably larger than its prey, it can subdue this prey simply due to its size as it is bound to be stronger and more powerful. An example is the African lion, Panthera leo, whose paws have such immense strength that they can knock down an ox with one blow. Being larger also offers benefits to herbivores as safety and protection from predators. If an animal is large, a predator is less likely to attack it. It also means that the animal may be more able to defend itself or escape from these predators. Bigger, especially taller, herbivores also have the advantage of being able to reach food that is higher in trees or bushes, which animals that are not so tall cannot reach."

Tags:animal, evolution, ecology, longevity

Abstract
This paper looks at how for the past few years computer scientists, in particular those concerned with research, have been fascinated by the interaction of social insects and the way in which a community of simple single individuals can come together to perform complex tasks. It analyzes how ants, termites and bees are all simple individuals and how in order to survive the form complex communities they interact to complete certain tasks. It describes how these interactions can be useful in providing new ways of solving such computing issues as routing, robotics and security. It shows how as networks and datasets continue to increase in the future, many current systems will simply be unable to cope with the strain and demand and how swarm intelligence offers a novel way to produce low cost, easy to understand and scaleable agents and applications for the future.

From the Paper
"One of the most influential figures in the study of this behavior was the French biologist Pierre-Paul Grass. In 1959 he observed the behavior of nest building in termites and discovered the incredible way in which they achieve this complex task by working together. When termites start nest construction hundreds of individuals move around at random. At first each termite starts to drop small pellets of masticated earth which are infused with pheromones, these form slight elevations in the ground. As time goes on another termite will find these elevations by sensing the pheromones and its behavior will change, it will start to place pellets on top of these elevations. As more and more individuals start to do this a column will begin to form until it reaches a specific height."

Tags:ants, bees, networks, recurity, robots, routing, termites

Abstract
This paper examines how a vast number of animals live in environments where there is no light, from the completely unlit and seemingly lifeless deep ocean, to the complete darkness of life inside another creature. It analyzes how to hunt or search for food, to find a mate or to avoid predators can all be extremely difficult activities and how animals have developed unique ways of dealing with the problems they face living in these environments. It focuses on three main types of animal that live in complete darkness: those that live in the deep ocean, troglobites (animals that live their whole lives in complete darkness in caves) and nocturnal animals and gives specific examples of each. It also touches on ectoparasites as these can also live out their complete life cycle and inside another being which is completely dark.

From the Paper
"In the ocean depths, below 150m there is no light at all. Photosynthesis is impossible and therefore there are no plants, only animals. From this depth down to a maximum of 4000m, the water is completely dark and very clear as there is very little organic matter. At very large depths, large fish are rare as there is simply not enough food to sustain them. In order to find food animals have evolved extendable stomachs and an enormous gape to catch prey even larger than themselves as it is so scarce or masses of movement sensitive hairs to sense even the slightest movement in the water. Bioluminescence is used by many species in the deep for different reasons."

Tags:prey, nocturnal, plains, sea, troglobites, endoparasites

Abstract
This paper examines how amphibians have not been exploited by humans like other animals have, they are kept as household pets and in some countries their flesh is seen as quite a delicacy. It therefore attempts to understand why are so many amphibian populations are in decline around the world. It shows how in some areas of the globe the decline is evidently due to loss of habitat but how in other areas, the reasons could be attributed to factors such as the depletion of the ozone layer or pollution. It looks at the advantages of amphibians to humans such as their use as environmental indicators and the use of their toxins as pain killers and covers methods of conservation.

From the Paper
"Habitat loss seems to be a significant cause of the diminishing amphibian populations over much of the world. Human population growth has led to many of the wetlands that are essential for amphibians to be drained for agriculture, filled in or paved. In Britain alone, many years of draining wetlands in order to improve crop yields has resulted in the destruction of 82% of marshland. Now, only isolated patches remain. Deforestation is an added strain on amphibians as the dense canopy provides shelter and protection for not only the adult amphibians but also their developing young, from predators and ultraviolet light."

Tags:ozone, layer, habitat, ecology, medication, environment

Abstract
This paper examines how salmon are an amazingly varied and behaviorally complicated type of fish with different species all over the globe and how, the one thing which sets salmon apart from other fish, is the salmon's remarkable ability to navigate from the stream or river where it was born, through thousands of miles of sea right back to its specific birth place. In order to understand understand how the salmon navigates itself through thousands of miles so accurately, it looks at the salmon's life cycle and how the transition from fresh water to salt water produces many problems and dangers that through physiological and behavioral changes the salmon overcomes.

From the Paper
"The most noticeable change is the change in color and size; the vertical stripes and dots give way to a silvery like color to camouflage it at sea and the body begins to become larger, thinner and streamlined. Eventually its tail also becomes more powerful, however this is only noticeable when the salmon returns from the sea as it is in the sea when the tail develops fully. This development allows the salmon to overcome strong currents at sea as well as small physical obstacles on the way back upstream. Other essential changes are made also; this is the stage in the salmon's development when it learns the "smells" of its birth stream to enable it to "home" back to it after years at sea. This is known as olfactory imprinting and is similar to filial imprinting in birds as it occurs at a developmentally crucial stage."

Tags:gland, imprinting, olfactory, fish