Abstract
The paper examines an article which describes an experiment that looks at how much disgust processing plays a role in blood-injection-injury phobia. The paper first outlines the main points presented in the article and then proceeds to discuss difficulties encountered when reviewing the article. Finally, the paper discusses the conclusions drawn regarding future study.

Outline:
Hypothesis
Mini Abstract
Criticisms
Evaluation in Context
Complex Concepts
Skills needed
Skills needing further Development
References

From the Paper
"Even though it has been previously noted that it is mainly females that possess the BII phobic disorder, this study fails to represent both genders. This makes it harder to generalise the findings to the population as a whole, but just to females. Male BII phobic patients may react in a different way which would need to be considered. In relation to the measurement of disgust, this was measured in a laboratory environment and not in an ecologically valid setting, which in turn could affect the overall results. Disgust may not just be influenced by the sight of something horrible. It involves all senses like the smell and the sounds which can enhance the experience, something that this study fails to consider. In terms of the strengths of this study, the use of fMRI is the most accurate method in recording brain activation and therefore makes the brain scan analysis results extremely reliable."

Tags:scans, brain, patients, control, occipital, findings, cuneus, lingual, stimuli, cognitive

Abstract
This paper examines how both Graham Cherry's "The Town Planning Movement and the Late Victorian City" and Stephen Ward's "Planning and Urban Change" examine and explain the social, economic and ideological conditions which gave rise to the town planning profession at the dawn of the 20th Century. The paper also discusses how both pieces manifestly succeed in fulfilling the purposes they were intended for by their author. Ward's neatly encapsulates the development of British town planning and explains its ontology and infancy in a manner which those who are not specialists in historical studies can learn from and engage with. In contrast, the paper shows how Cherry provides a good outline to similar effect for those who are more familiar with the period and the discipline of history.

From the Paper
"The differences between the 2 pieces are clear in the styles in which Cherry and Ward choose to construct their discourses. Cherry's work is broadly thematic, eschewing a straight forward narrative style for one driven by categories . Cherry makes much use of statistics to support and elaborate upon his points, at times allowing them to almost speak for themselves . His outlook is clearly very much influenced by his background in the social science that is geography as opposed to the more "literary" style traditionally favoured by historians. Ward, on the other hand adopts a chronological almost narrative style and makes use of maps and contemporary photographic images to illustrate his text . Likewise, whilst he frequently cites his sources he seldom endnotes unlike Cherry . Ward's choice of style is clearly deliberate, his audience, whilst a specialist one, is not inherently concerned with the study of the origins of town planning in late Nineteenth and early Twentieth Century Britain. As such he needs to engage their attention with an easy to follow chronological account which often focuses on personalities. "

Tags:ontology, urban, development

Abstract
A review of "Ethics in Accounting" by Ireen Baset and how it addresses the contemporary ethical issues related to the accounting and financial decision-making process. Examines how the article treats the challenge, faced by employers, managers, administrators and employees alike, of adequately incorporating ethical values into the daily work schedule.

From the Paper
"On the same account, a real estate company where the entire corporate dealings depend upon the efficiency and the sense of morality of the accountants must make relentless efforts to effectively communicate corporate ethics. This can be best done through the planning and implementation as well as the continuous maintenance of a sound and a pragmatic internal ethical program, that is putting down ethical rules in black and white for the organizational staff, employees and the first-line supervisors."

Tags:corporate, world, ethical, values, foundation, enron, case, workplace, codes

Abstract
The paper examines the study, "Nurses' Job Satisfaction, Stress, and Recognition in a Pediatric Setting" that uses a quantitative research approach to look at nurses' satisfaction with their jobs.

Outline:
Problem
Study Purpose
Research Questions
Hypothesis
Study Variables
Conceptual Framework
Review of Literature
Study Design
Sample and Setting
Identification and Control of Extraneous Variables
Study Instruments and Tools
Data Collection Methods
Strengths and Limitations

From the Paper
"This study was conducted to resolve dissatisfaction that was occurring among nurses in the pediatric setting, (Ernst et al. 2004). Satisfaction among nurses is an important issue that is affecting the nursing profession. Job satisfaction in nurses should be of great concern to any organization. Nurses hold the majority of positions in most health care settings, and replacement of licensed personnel is costly and time consuming. In today's healthcare climate, with sicker patients and leaner staffs, some nurses become overwhelmed, (Huff, 1997). Unhappy nurses can translate into high turnover, unhappy patients, and a lower quality of care."

Tags:hypothesis, variables, conceptual, framework, data, collection

Abstract
This paper discusses the main political concerns of the 1945 Labour Party manifesto, "Let Us Face The Future." It specifically looks at the socialist nature of the document. The paper argues that the Labour Party of 1945, although underpinned by an ideological base was a pragmatic machine, capable of adapting itself to the volatile political atmosphere of post war Britain.

From the Paper
"The Health Secretary of the post war Labour government, Aneurin Bevan set about the formation of the new health service with solitary vigour. Given Bevan's ultra strong reformist zeal it is unsurprising that the government's standard bearing socialist presided over their most radical endeavour in terms of addressing the major concern of social inequality. Although Bevan later resigned from his post over health service charges, the National Health Service represented the coming to fruition of possibly the greatest of the political concerns outlined in Let Us Face The Future and as Kenneth Morgan asserts, regardless of its relative deficiencies it remains "the greatest of monuments.""

Tags:socialistic, government, radical, ideology

Abstract
This paper examines how O'Grady's work presents a model of dynamic curriculum development that uses action research to integrate the insights of interpretative, constructivist and 'existentialist' approaches to pedagogy in religious education. The paper also discusses how, although this is an approach that RE teachers will find attractive and exciting, it is one whose value is likely to remain theoretical rather than practical.

From the Paper
"Research may be defined as the attempt to derive new knowledge that can be generalised, by addressing well-defined questions using methods that are valid and reliable. To uphold the validity of the research process is to reduce the possibility of systematic deviation from the truth - otherwise known as bias. To uphold the reliability of the research process is to reduce the risk of random deviation from the truth. A key purpose of a research design is therefore to ensure validity and reliability by reducing or eliminating the twin dangers of systematic and random error (cf. De Vaus, 2002). In terms of this conservative definition of research, O'Grady's choices regarding the framing of his question, literature review, sampling, data collection, analysis and final presentation indicate the presence of both systematic and random error throughout. Nonetheless, O'Grady would defend his approach, with some success, by reference to action research as a paradigm which contests many of the assumptions of traditional research models. "

Tags:paradigm, pedagogy

Abstract
This essay examines Bynum's analysis of the religious significance of food to medieval women as an example of gender history, paying particular attention to the aspects of medieval culture that she analysed in terms of it being a complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, laws, customs and other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. The paper discusses how Bynum comes from a functionalist perspective, in that she looks at the mechanisms, which ensured the stability of the social system as a whole, as well as a holistic interpretive approach, in that she separates aspects of the past into important and otherwise untouched areas of study.

From the Paper
"Bynum's work must be seen in relation to the poststructuralist approach that she employs throughout her work and the turn in feminist history towards the poststructuralist framework of the late 1980s and early 1990s, with its focus on the analysis of discourses, of representations and of the construction of social categories. Bynum's approach, like social history's looks at macro-structural forms of analysis such as social and economic structures as determinants of individual behaviour, (paying particular attention to the role of the Church). Her approach is grounded in psychoanalytic understandings of gender identity formation, and in the rejection of constructivist opinion that denied the importance of the body as a point of study, with Bynum seeking to highlight the body's importance for women and to explore its deeper meanings."

Tags:gender, church, culture

Abstract
This paper attempts to assess the modern day relevance of EP Thompson's theoretical assumptions; time and work. As such, the paper examines Thompson's short paper, "Time, Work Discipline and Industrial Capitalism". The paper explains that, in order to do this, it is first necessary to understand the main suppositions of the time and work thesis before assessing their modern relevance. The paper then relates that such an overview is necessary in order for the time and work assertions to be conceptualised within Thompson's overall framework. Only when one fully comprehends the historical motivations that drove Thompson, is it possible for a succinct evaluation of the time and work thesis to be offered. In addition, it must always be bore in mind that for his entire life, Thompson was a strong minded communist. Although the Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956 dented his belief in the values of Soviet communism, his own communist credentials remained unchanged. This fact is vital for understanding his interpretation of time and work.

From the Paper
"The name EP Thompson and the word relevant often go hand in hand. Above all, the success of the time and work thesis is the same as in much of Thompson's other work; the placing of the ordinary individual at the centre of the debate. Many of his communist predecessors, including Marx himself failed to do this, focusing instead on the primacy of classes. Thompson's wish to rescue the Luddite cropper and the obsolete hand-loom weaver was both noble and successful, and resulted in an explosion of social history and of social historians. In this respect, the ideas and opinions espoused by EP Thompson are as relevant today as they ever were. "

Tags:marx, communism, industrial, revolution

Abstract
This paper assesses the social history approach and aspects of economic history and middle range theories coupled with smaller concepts or heuristic devices that have been utilised in Dora L. Costa's research "Race and Pregnancy Outcomes in the Twentieth Century: A Long-Term Comparison". The paper looks at how this piece of research centres on a middle-range theory concerning race and not a metanarrative like Marxism, and subsequently theories concerning the family, kinship, status and community are also subsidiary factors in this research.

From the Paper
" Data, can be easily skewed to fit the researcher's hypothesis, and the method used for sample selection; from what class, race, religion etc... that the sample is selected can be 'coloured' by the researcher's opinions of a class, race or religion and/or by what class, race or religion that the researcher belongs to. Some researchers may argue in an a posteriori way and omit or dismiss as "accidental, historical data" which does not support their theory. Many scientists are correct to criticise the "the socially manipulative ideological agendas of much social and historical enquiry" , which is often present-centred and policy orientated .However, a strength of Costa's work is its approach to the problem of multiple causation. As Sewell remarks, the notion of most analysts in simply choosing a prime cause and then trying to convey this through a chronological narrative, is not sufficiently analytical. "

Tags:social, history, community

Abstract
The author of the paper argues that the twentieth century has seen significant improvements for women in Britain. The issues and events mentioned in support of this are the Suffragette Movement, the two world wars, the decline of industry and the freedom given to women in all spheres of society.

From the Paper
"By the end of the twentieth century women can now go into virtually any job they want, they can serve in frontline armed forces, become doctors, scientists, editors, managers and politicians. In the year 2000, 1 in 5 women earn more than their working partner and on average women earn 75% of a male workers hourly wage. In some professions women still say there is a "glass ceiling" but in time, through the continuing change of peoples attitudes there will be an equal playing field. All this has been made possible because women now have choice, events and people throughout the century have made this possible, from Emmeline Pankhurst's militant tactics to mass employment for women during two world wars." .

Tags:Emmeline, Pankhurst, Social, Political, Union, 1913, Cat, Mouse, Act, World, War, I, Representation, People, World, War, II, feminism