Abstract
This paper reviews recent works focusing on specific areas or time periods in which building materials from archaeological sites are used in standing buildings; however, the author indicates the need for a more general overview of how to identify and analyse building materials and interpret their meaning, irrespective of their location. Next, the author evaluates key methodologies for identifying building materials, for assessing volumes and spatial distribution of use and reuse and for characterizing use and reuse of building materials. The paper includes a short case study about the use and reuse of an Alveolina limestone from the Mixon reefs, Selsey Bill, West Sussex, that illustrates some of the methods and approaches that the paper outlines.

Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Analysing Building Materials
Methods for Analysing Building Material Types
Analysis of Volumes and Spatial Distribution
Interpretation of the Presence of Building Materials
Reuse of Building Materials
Identifying Reuse
Tracing Use and Reuse
Motivation behind Reuse
Case Study
Study Area and Data
Discussion and interpretation
Summary
Conclusion
Future work

From the Paper
"The main contribution of the work of Windsor (1993a; 1995) and Eaton (2000) is to help move the focus from pure description of reuse to an attempt to address the issue of why building materials were reused. Windsor (1993a) noted the potential in linking evidence for the reuse of building stone to the motives behind that reuse. In particular, the report stressed that this evidence could be used to support (or refute) documentary evidence where this exists.
"Eaton (2000) attempted to model the labour costs of quarrying stone or reusing stone from existing structures and transporting this reused stone by land or water. Eaton's study focused on the reuse of Roman material in medieval buildings in central Northumberland. Eaton demonstrated that there was a decline in the distances travelled to obtain material for reuse through time. This was considered to be due, in part, to the establishment of settlements at large distances from Roman foundations. Eaton expanded his study to consider the labour costs incurred in quarrying stone and in obtaining it from existing structures. Three different scenarios were considered:
1.Reuse, with building material transported over land
2.Reuse, with building material transported by waterways
3.Quarrying of 'new' stone
"This study focused on contrasting the costs of obtaining building material for construction during the medieval (Norman) period at Lydney while considering Chepstow (located about 21 km away) as a possible source of reusable building material."

Tags:britain roman petrological dendrochronology, spatial databases

Abstract
This paper analyzes the city structures of the Roman empire. The author gives a detailed explanation of the structure and functions of the roads, forums, aqueducts and baths that were used for social, religious and commercial activities.

From the Paper
"The discipline of engineering was very close to that of architecture in the Roman World. Roman architecture was a social art that gave the people of the Roman Empire benefits that no community had ever achieved before. Innovative city planning in the Roman Empire excelled in the creation of roads, forums, aqueducts and baths."

Tags:architecture, etruscan, roman, town, trajan, military, structure, society, empire

From the Paper
Two Ideal Cities
"Frank Lloyd Wright and Le Corbusier were both visionary architects and urban planners. Wright and Le Corbusier both hated the state of modern cities and both wished to transform the nature of cities. Wright once said, "To look at the plan of any great city is to look at the cross section of some fibrous tumor.". Their ideas on how this transformation should be achieved, however, were completely different. The solutions they found to practical problems of urban planning reflect their differing social theories and value systems.

Le Corbusier was born in Switzerland, while Wright was born in America. Both architects grew up away from the great urban centers that they ended up revolutionizing. Frank Lloyd Wright's ideal city was called the Broadacre City, and he presented the ... "

Abstract
This paper discusses the way that tomb construction developed and changed in Egypt. The paper looks at three periods - The Old Kingdom (c2780-2260 BC); Middle Kingdom (c1997 -1650 BC) and New Kingdom (1552-1069 BC) - in order to compare the methods.

From the Paper
"Because of the incredible power and authority of the king at this time, his tomb was designed to exemplify his grandeur as well as serve as the final resting-place for his body and earthly possessions. In addition, the tomb complex was also the focal point of the king's cult for ritual prayer and for worship. Unfortunately, the roles of the king's tomb proved to nullify each other; the builders tried to "hide" the king's body and possessions while at the same time allowing the public in to worship him at the same time. As a result, the whereabouts of the king's treasure were common knowledge and over time each of these tombs was stripped of everything of value, not excluding the king's corpse itself? "

Tags:architecture, bahri, chefren, cheops, dier, egypt, el, giza, hatshepsut, khafre, khufu, kingdom, menkaure, middle, mycerinus, new, old, sakkara, tomb

Abstract
This paper examines Chester's architecture from a historical point of view and focuses on the question as to what we can learn about the history of Chester from the architectural evidence present in the buildings. The statement above sets out a clear framework for analysing whether or not Chester was influenced primarily by one particular era or whether it is more the case that several eras have had significant influence on the city. The paper also looks at how the modern face of Chester is not that of a city that was built in entirely one era but that the modern face of Chester represents the myriad influences that have affected Chester since it was first a Roman settlement in AD70. The paper is illustrated with many color photos.

From the Paper
"So what do these different types of buildings tell us about Chester's history. How do we frame Chester within the statement we set out from? Is it a history defined by one particular era or does the current face of Chester tell a more interesting and complex story? We know that initially Chester was a Roman town, there remains evidence for this in sections of the wall. The influence of the strong military foundations of the city are still important today, with the wall being particularly prominent, as well as the Roman layout of the four main roads (Eastgate, Northgate, Foregate and Bridge Street). If one looks at a current tourist map of the city (fig.6) one can still see this clear Roman layout and the military influence behind how the town has been set out. We can also see the medieval influence on the layout of parts of the wall. The urban morphology within this is particularly interesting as each particular era has left quite a dominant and clear indicator of itself. "

Tags:Georgian, Victorian, Roman

Abstract
This paper discusses how cabinets of curiosity (also known as wunderkammer, cabinets of wonder, and wonder rooms ), were rooms that housed vast encyclopaedic collections of objects and other rare items of interest. These proto museums were the private collections of elite upper classes; English gentleman, scholars and aristocrats. It looks at how they were considered a heterogeneous theatre of learning and pleasure where by human creativity was arranged on natural forms in its exploration for beauty and wonder.

From the Paper
"With the discovery of the Americas and the New World, wealthy collectors would send off explorers and sailors with a 'shopping list' of curiosities that would demonstrate their interests and obsessions. Many objects would have a monetary value however most collectors had little interest in this aspect instead they focussed more on the passion for collecting and the joy of ownership, such as Ulisse Aldrovandi, a collector in the latter part of the 16th century, and indeed by 1549 Aldrovandi had over 100 collections in Rome itself. Other types of collectors existed who began to profit from these curiosities. 17th century German merchant Philipp Hainhofer is a prime example of this profiteering. He acted as buying agent for collectors of luxury items but also acquired objects from Frankfurt fairs, a long way from his home of Augsburg. He would create his own cabinet of curiosity with these newly acquired items with the view of selling them, no doubt as the highest bidder, as a complete cabinet of curiosity."

Tags:wunderkammer, collections, treasure

Abstract
In this article, the writer outlines the effects and impact of town planning on wider concerns. This is achieved by briefly highlighting the basic tenets of town planning and the manner in which differing models understand the issue. This is followed by an assessment of the factors that make the impact of town planning difficult to measure. However, the final section of the piece offers various methods for accurately understanding the impact of town planning by using a wider theoretical foundation for analysis.

From the Paper
"Outside the CBD is what is called the inner city area. Traditionally in Britain, this is where the main industrial complexes were established. Due to the decline in manufacturing and heavy industry in the mid and latter 20th century the majority of these have disappeared, but much of the housing used the provide homes for the workers remains. Next are the suburbs, which are mainly the result of housing programmes from the inter war years, and were a consequence of increased transport and communication links with the CBD. At the extremities of the town are the rural urban fringes, again a consequence of higher quality transport availability to the centre of the town. Built largely in the post 1945 period, space and luxury are often deemed vital considerations in the development process."

Tags:property, space, buildings, suburbs

Abstract
This paper presents a detailed case study and report on the technical issues that need to be considered in facade retention with internal demolition of the Edward England Potato Warehouse in Cardiff, Wales. The writer describes the site and the problems it presents to those interested in preserving or developing it. The writer also outlines the essential equipment and steps for installing a facade retention system, and for internal demolition and the erection of a new internal frame. In addition, the writer discusses alternative options such as refurbishment and total demolition. This paper contains a figure and a table.

Outline:
Introduction
Site Investigation
Desk Top Study
Walk over Survey
Geotechnical Survey
Performance Evaluation
Long Term Monitoring
Defects list
Pre Specification Survey
Facade Retention System, Restrictions and Demolition
Facade Retention: Information Required
Restrictions
Facade Retention Ideas
West Bute Avenue Elevation
East Water Front Elevation
South Park Elevation
North Herbert Street Elevation
Cleaning, Repair and Protection
Demolition
Implications of Basement and Underpinning
Underpinning
Implication and Consideration of Basement Installation
Method Statement
Conclusion
Appendix A: Ariel Photograph of site

From the Paper
"In order to provide detailed design solutions for method of facade retention for a building, essential information must be gathered and analysed first. The information needed includes: condition of the facade, bearing capacity of the soil, wind load factors, deflection limits, wall thickness of facade and impact load (for minimization). Scientific calculations will be made to determine placement, size and type of retention system and system foundation to provide ample support for facade during demolition, and avoiding facade damage and collapse. As so much technical information is required to design a solution, the following section simply discusses possible solutions and ideas to complement site conditions."

Tags:scaffold, bracing beam, debris steel soiling signage excavation subsoil vault

Abstract
This paper explores the architectural expressions of democracy within the Senedd and Holyrood. Both buildings have been considered controversial in many respects but have many interesting features which make them particularly interesting and worthy of analysis. The discussion starts with a brief examination and clarification of what exactly we mean by democracy and how the term can best be understood before moving on to examine how such values can be interpreted in modern architecture. It then moves on to examine the two relatively modern buildings, namely the National Assembly for Wales and the Scottish Parliament building, noting how they reflect their founding principles. The paper closes with some concluding remarks on the changing nature of politics and how these values are reflected in the two buildings. This paper contains figures.

Outline:

Introduction
The Nature of Democracy
Democracy and Architecture
The National Assembly for Wales - the Senedd
The Scottish Parliament - Holyrood
Reflections on the two buildings
Conclusion

From the Paper
"One can see clearly the fact that the building is designed to illustrate the principle of transparency. In a very literal sense the building is remarkably transparent, but the shape itself portrays an openness and a clarity which would ideally reflect the principles of the democracy. However, within the recently devolved politics of Wales there is also a strong sense both of a more modern politics and society but also a moderate nationalism, or perhaps a national pride more than traditional nationalism or patriotic sentiment. The building therefore reflects this aspect of the Welsh body politic through the use of traditional Welsh materials, such as slate, but also using significant amounts of renewable energy technology such as rainwater traps for use in toilets or cleaning, as well as whole hosts of other technologies."

Tags:democracy, public space, public buildings, parliament

Abstract
This paper discusses the main reason why, in the early 1700s, British town planning seemed to diverge from that on the continent, even though a common heritage was present. The conclusion is a surprising amount of politics, national rivalry and religious differences that altered British building environment.

From the Paper
"Baroque design flourished on the continent between 1600 and 1750, particularly in Catholic countries. It tended to be expressive, flamboyant and encouraged by the Roman Catholic church (Hutchinson:2005). A Baroque designer would usually have had the support of a ruler and would therefore expect his development to be completed in its entirety, in contrast to events at the Royal Crescent in Bath, for example. The emergence of Baroque town planning in continental Europe is tied to the Renaissance, Reformation and subsequently the Counter-Reformation. Advances in science and the discovery of the New World provided the context for the creation of towns and cities that came to reflect the new wealth of the major European powers as well as the new cosmopolitanism of the ruling classes. "

Tags:london, planning